科薩語

非洲南部科薩族語言

科薩語(Xhosa)是非洲南部科薩族所使用的語言,也是南非共和國的官方語言之一。屬尼日-剛果語系、班圖語族。在南非,科薩語是使用人口分布最廣的一種語言,在使用人口的數量上,它僅次於祖魯語,位居第二。

語言地位


科薩語,使用人口大約790萬人,約佔南非人口的百分之18,主要集中在南非南部的兩個省份,該語言現在是拉丁字母書寫。
另外,科薩語是南非前總統納爾遜·曼德拉的母語。

語言特點


像其它班圖語言一樣,科薩語是帶有聲調的語言,它具有兩種聲調。也就是說,同一組母音和輔音的組合,如果用升調或降調,高音或低音發聲,表達的是不同的意思。科薩語一個最顯著的特點,是它的吸氣輔音(click consonants)。這種語言的名稱Xhosa就是用一個吸氣輔音開頭的。在採用拉丁字母拼寫科薩語的系統中,用三個字母來表達吸氣輔音:c,x,和q。
在十六世紀之前,說科薩語的人就居住在南非的海岸線一帶。說科薩語的部族稱他們自己使用的語言為amaXhsa或isiXhosa。幾乎所有帶吸氣輔音的語言都是克瓦桑族語(Khoisan languages)。科薩語中的吸氣輔音表明,它是克瓦桑族語的近親。大約有15%的辭彙來自克瓦桑族語。到了近代,科薩語又從南非語(即南非荷蘭語)和英語中借用了很多辭彙。

語言應用


目前,在初小教育和部分高小教育中,科薩語是主要的語言。但是,進入更高一級的教育后,教育用語便為英語所取代。儘管在學校中,還有科薩語的學術團體,並開設科薩語的課程。在南非大學,授課用語是英語和南非語,而學生可以當作一門課程來選修科薩語。學這門功課的學生,可能他們的母語就是科薩語,也可能不是。
第一部科薩語的《聖經》是1859年由英國人Henry Hare Dugmore與當地人合作翻譯出版的。Henry Hare Dugmore能夠講流利的科薩語。目前,科薩語的報刊和雜誌隨處可見,也有許多散文、詩歌等文學作品。南非廣播公司每天播出科薩語的電視和廣播節目。用科薩語唱歌的著名歌手Miriam Makeba,以特有的帶吸氣輔音的歌調,使其聲名遠揚到南非之外的世界各國。

語言樣本


科薩語樣本:
Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile belingana ngesidima nangokweemfanelo. Bonke abantu banesiphiwo sesazela nesizathu sokwenza isenzo ongathanda ukuba senziwe kumzalwane wakho.
對應英文:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

日常用語


EnglishisiXhosa (Xhosa)
WelcomeSiya namkela nonke
HelloMolo
How are you?
Fine thanks, and you?
Unjani?
Ndiyaphila, enkosi. Kunjani kuwe?
Ndiphilile enkosi, unjani wena?
Long time no seeKudala ndakugqibela
What's your name?
My name is ...
Ngubani igama lakho? Igama lakho?
Igama lam ngu ...
Where are you from?
I'm from ...
Uvela phi?
Ndivela e...
Pleased to meet youNdiyavuya ukukwazi
Good afternoonUben' emva kwemini entle / Ube nemini emnandi
Good eveningUbusuku obuhle
Good nightRhonanai / Ulale kakuhle
GoodbyeHamba kakuhle (go well) Sala kakuhle (stay well)
Good luckAmathamsanqa
Cheers/Good health!Impilo!
Have a nice dayUbenemini emnandi
Bon appetitUkonwabele ukutya kwakho
Bon voyageUhambe kakuhle
I don't understandAndiva
Please speak more slowlyKhawucothise
Please say that againNdicela uphinde / Khawuphinde utsho / Yitsho kaphinda
Please write it downCela uyibhale phantsi
Do you speak Xhosa?
Yes
Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiXhosa?
Ewe
Do you speak English?Uyakwazi ukuthetha isiNgesi?
How do you say ... in Xhosa?Uthini …ngesiXhosa?
Excuse meUxolo! Ndixolele!
How much is this?Yimalini?
SorryNdicela uxolo
Thank you
Response
Ndiyabulela / Enkosi
Wamkelekile
Where's the toilet?Liphi igumbi langasese?
This gentleman/lady
will pay for everything
uMfana uzakubhatala yonke into / uBhuti uzakubhatala yonke into
Inenekazi lizokubhatala yonke into / Ilady lokubhatala yonke into
Would you like to
dance with me?
Ungathanda ukudansa?
I love youNdiya kuthanda
Get well soonUphile ngokukhawuleza
Leave me alone!Ndiyeke!
Help!Nceda!
Call the police!Biza amapolisa!
Merry Christmas
and Happy New Year
Siniqwenelela Ikrisimesi Emnandi Nonyaka Omtsha Ozele Iintsikelelo
Happy BirthdayImini emnandi kuwe
One language
is never enough
Ulwimi olunye zange lonela

語法


數詞
1KietAkpa
2IbaUdiana Akpa
3Itaɔyɔhɔ Akpa Ita
4Inaŋɔyɔhɔ Akpa Inaŋ
5Ition
6Itiokiet
7Itiaba
8Itiaita
9Usukkiet
10Duop
11Duopekiet
12Duopeba
13Duopeta
14Duopenaŋ
15Efut
16Efutkiet
17Efureba
18Efureta
19Efurenaŋ
20Edip
21Edip Ye Kiet
22Edip Ye Iba
23Edip Ye Ita
24Edip Ye Inaŋ
25Edip Ye Ition
26Edip Ye Itiokiet
27Edip Ye Itiaba
28Edip Ye Itiaita
29Edip Ye Inaŋ
30Edip Ye Duop
31Edip Ye Duopkiet
32Edip Ye Duopeba
33Edip Ye Duopeta
34Edip Ye Duopenaŋ
35Edip Ye Efut
36Edip Ye Efutkiet
37Edip Ye Efureba
38Edip Ye Efureta
39Edip Ye Efurenaŋ
40Aba
50Aba Ye Duop
60Ata
70Ata Ye Duop
80Anaŋ
90Anaŋ Ye Duop
100Ikie
101Ikie Ye Kiet
110Ikie Ye Duop
112Ikie Ye Duopeba
120Ikie Ye Edip
150Ikie Ye Aba Ye Duop
200Ikie Iba
300Ikie Ita
400Ikie Inaŋ
500Ikie Ition
600Ikie Itiokiet
700Ikie Itiaba
800Ikie Itiaita
900Ikie Usukiet
1000Tɔsin