共找到2條詞條名為情態動詞的結果 展開

情態動詞

情態動詞

情態動詞(Modal verbs)本身有一定的詞義,表示語氣的單詞。但是不能獨立作謂語,只能和動詞原形一起構成謂語。情態動詞用在行為動詞前,表示說話人對這一動作或狀態的看法或主觀設想。

四大分類


①只做情態動詞:may, might, must…
②可做情態動詞又可做實義動詞:如:need, dare…
③具有情態動詞特徵:have(had,has) to,used to, ought to
④可做情態動詞又可作助動詞:如:shall(should),will(would)

注意

①mustn't代表強烈禁止, must表示主觀,have to表示客觀。
②美式英語中常用must not 而不用 mustn't. mayn't,mightn't和shan't也很少用

應用位置


具有助動詞作用,可以用來構成否定句,疑問句及用於簡單回答。 Can you sing English songs?你會唱英語歌嗎? Yes ,I can. 是的,我會。
後接動詞原形,接不帶to的不定式。 She may lose her way. 她可能迷路了。
無人稱和數的變化。 We must stay here. 我們必須待在這兒。 He must stay here. 他必須待在這兒。
有一定的詞義,但並不完整,必須與動詞原形一起構成謂語。(後面加動詞原形)
在以Could引導的表示委婉語氣的疑問句,常用來表示請求別人幫助或對長輩的請求的。如:(Could you come to my party on Saturday afternoon?)注意:這裡不是情態動詞的用法。回答為:肯定:Yes,I can./Sure./Certainly. 否定:Sorry,I am afraid not. (在作否定回答時,要注意:在拒絕長輩的請求時,不能用can not,這樣顯得語氣太過生硬,不禮貌。但是在長輩拒絕晚輩的請求是可以用can not的。)
1.具有
2.後接
3.無人稱和數的變化。
4.有一定的
5.在以Could引導的表示委婉語氣的

構成特點


基本助動詞與情態助動詞最主要的區別之一是:基本助動詞本身沒有詞義,而情態助動詞則有自己的詞義,能表示說話人對有關動作或狀態的看法,或表示主觀設想:
What have you been doing since? (構成完成進行體,本身無詞義)
你一直在幹什麼?
I am afraid I must be going. (一定要)
恐怕我必須走了
You may have read some account of the matter. (或許已經)
你可能已經讀過關於這件事的一些報道
除此之外,情態助動詞還有如下詞法和句法特徵:
● ● 除ought和used和have to以外,其他情態動詞後面只能接不帶to的不定式。如果我們把ought to和used to看做是固定片語的話,那麼,所有情態動詞無一例外地只能接不帶to的不定式:We used to grow beautiful roses.我們過去常常種這種漂亮的玫瑰花I asked if he would come and repair my television set.我問他是否來修我的電視機
● ● 情態助動詞在限定動詞片語總是位居第一:They need not have been punished so severely.他們不需要如此嚴厲的懲罰
● ● 情態助動詞用於第三人稱單數現在式的時候,沒有詞形變化,即其詞尾無-s形式:She dare not say what she thinks.她不敢說她是怎麼想的
● ● 情態動詞沒有非限定形式,即沒有不定式和分詞形式,也沒有相應的動名詞:Still,she needn't have run away.不過,她不必跑了
● ● 情態助動詞的“時”的形式並不是時間區別的主要標誌。在不少場合,情態助動詞的現在時和過去時形式都可以表示現在、過去或將來時間:Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something?你會很介意如果我讓你做什麼?She told him he ought not to have done it.她告訴他他不應該這樣做。
● ● 情態助動詞之間是相互排斥的,即在一個限定動詞片語中只能出現一個情態助動詞,但有時卻可以與have和be基本助動詞連用:You should have washed the wound.你應該已經洗好了傷口。Well,you shouldn't be reading a novel.嗯,你不應該讀一本小說。
● ● 情態動詞must的一般疑問句否定回答要用needn't而不是mustn't。Must I read books every day.我必須每天讀書。No,you needn't . 不,你不必。

用法及示例


首先它是動詞,而且不同於行為動詞,行為動詞表示的是可以通過行為來表達的動作(如寫,讀,跑),而情態動詞只是表達的一種想法(如能,也許,敢)。
用法是:情態動詞+行為動詞原形
例句:I can read this sentence in English.
我能用英語讀這句話。
情態動詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態度或語氣的動詞,但不能單獨作謂語,只能和其他動詞原形構成謂語。
We can be there on time tomorrow.我們明天能按時去那兒。
May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字嗎?
Shall we begin now?我們現在就開始嗎?
You must obey the school rules.你必須遵守校規。
情態動詞數量不多,但用途廣泛,主要有下列:
can (could),may (might),must,need,ought to,dare (dared),shall (should),will (would),have,had better.
情態動詞還有一個很重要的用法,即情態動詞表推測——
用法小結
(一)情態動詞 表推測的 三種句式
1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),could(可能),might /may(也許,或許)。
e.g:(1)He must/can/may,might know the answer to this question.
他一定/可能/也許知道這個問題的答案。
(2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.
屋裡很冷,他們肯定把暖氣關了。
2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能),may not/might not(可能不)。
e.g:(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.
這不可能是校長,他去美國了。
(2)He may not/might not know the scientist.
他也許不認識那位科學家。
3.疑問句中用can/could (能……?)。
e.g:(1).Could he have finished the task?
他可能把任務完成了嗎?
(2).Can he be at home now?
他現在能在家嗎?
註:以上三種句式中情態動詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might,could並非may,can的過去式,而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。
(二)情態動詞表推測的三種時態
1.對將來情況的推測,用“情態動詞 +動詞原形”。
e.g:(1).She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.
5:00前她一定/可能/也許到。
(2).She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.
她一定/可能/也許會在山裡一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個人。
2.對現在或一般情況的推測,用“情態動詞 + be”,“情態動詞 +be doing”或“情態動詞 +動詞原形”。
e.g:(1).He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.
他一定/可能/也許正在聽收音機。
(2).He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.
這個時候他不可能/可能不在家。
(3).Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony
布希先生一向準時,這次開幕式他怎麼可能遲到呢?
3.對過去情況的推測,用“情態動詞 + have +過去分詞”。
e.g:(1).It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.
地濕了,昨晚肯定/可能/也許下雨了。
(2).The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .
門鎖著,他不可能/可能不在家。
(3).Can / Could he have gotten the book?
難道他找到書了嗎?
註:情態動詞 should /ought to表推測時,意為“想必會,理應……”但與“have +過去分詞”連用時,則又可構成虛擬語氣意為“本應該做某事卻沒做”。例如:
(4).It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.
現在七點鐘了,傑克理應隨時到達。(推測)
(5).She should / ought to have attended your birthday party,but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虛擬)
她本該出席你的生日晚會的,可是她得在醫院照顧她媽媽。
(6).Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm. (虛擬)
湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密,可是他並無惡意。
can 和could 表 推測
對現在或將來的推測,兩者均可用,但can 通常只用於否定句或疑問句中,一般不用於肯定句,而could則可用於肯定句、否定句和疑問句;對過去的推測,應在 can,could 之後接動詞的完成式,且此時can仍只用於否定句或疑問句,不用於肯定句;而could 則可用於各種句型。如:
Can [Could] this be true? 這能是真的嗎
Where can [could] he have gone? 他能到哪裡去了呢
She can’t [couldn’t] have left so soon. 她不可能走得這麼早。
He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。
註:could後接動詞的完成式,除表示對過去的推測外,還可表示過去沒有實現的可能性(即某事本來可以發生,卻沒發生),或委婉地責備某人過去應該做某事而沒有去做(此時不用can)。如:
You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早點動身的。
You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其實可以不煮熟(它),我們(本來)可以生吃。
can 和could 表 允許
表示現在的允許時,若是請求別人允許自己做某事,兩者均可用,但用could 語氣更委婉;若是自己允許別人做某事,一般只用 can,而不用 could。如:
Can [Could] I come in? 我可以進來嗎
“Could [Can] I use your pen? ” “Yes,of course you can.” “我可以借用你的鋼筆嗎?”“當然可以。”(不能說Yes,you could.)
表示過去的允許時,若表示過去一般性允許(即表示某人隨時都可以做某事),用could;若表示在過去某一特定情況下允許進行某一特定的活動,則不用 could。如:
When I lived at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家裡時,想什麼時候看電影就可以什麼時候看。(一般性允許)
I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允許我去看了電影。(特定的允許,不能用 could)
can 和could 表 能力
can 表示現在的能力,could 表示過去的能力,要表示將來具備的能力通常 be able to 的將來時態。其中要注意的是,could 表示過去的能力,通常只用於表示過去一般性能力,而不表示過去具體某次特定情形下能夠做某事的能力。如:
他學習很努力,所以考試能及格。
誤:He studied hard and could pass the exam.
正:He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.
註:若在否定句中沒有以上限制,即couldn’t 可表示過去特定情況下的能力,如可說 He studied hard but still couldn’t pass the exam.
口訣:情態動詞兩特點
動詞原形接後面,說話語氣較委婉。can "能力"may"許可",must"責任"或"義務"。否定回答needn’t換,"需要"need, dare"敢"。should"應該",would"願",have to"被迫"表客觀。

高考考點


情態動詞詞義&用法注意事項特殊用法
can
could
1.表具備某種能力Can表現在能力;Could表示過去能力。可用be able to代替;was/were able to 表示成功做了某事
(1)表驚異、懷疑、不相信、不耐煩等。(此意常用於否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句語氣)Can/Could this be true?
(2)can not…too\enough表示"無論怎樣``````也不過分","越``````越好":
You can't be too careful.
你越細心越好
2.表請求和允許
①請求用could 語氣委婉
②答語不用 could.
3.表“可能性”
① can用於否定和疑問句(could不限)
② can (be)表示有時候會(常與sometimes, at times 連用)
may
might
1.表請求和允許
①請求用might語氣更委婉。
②允許時用may,表示“可以”(表示允許時不用might)。
(1)may/might well+V原形:表"完全可能,,很可能"= be very likely to:He may well be proud for his son.
(2)may/might as well+V原形:"最好,滿可以,倒不如"
You may as well stay here over night.
2.表可能性“也許”此意常用於肯定句。(might可能最小)
3表祝願
固定句型為“May+主語+V原型”:
May you succeed!
must1.表“必須”
① must多表主觀、現在/將來義務; have to多表客觀、過去義務
② mustn't表"禁止";否定用needn't / don't have to
(1)表示必然結果:
All men must die.人固有一死。
(2)表示一種與說話人願望相反、不耐煩的感情色彩,可譯為“一定要、偏偏、非要”:
If you must know, her name is Mary.
2.表推測:“肯定是、準是”只用於肯定句。在否定句/疑問句中用can/could
will
would
1.表意願,決心等Would此時為will過去式,無意義差別
(1)will表命令(說話者確定命令一定會得到執行)或允諾:You will report to me afterwards.(命令)They will get enough money from me.(允諾)
(2)可用於祈使句附加疑問句(反義疑問句):(此時would比will委婉) Don’t go now, will you?
(3)would短語:would rather/would prefer寧願;would like/would love喜歡/想要(見注意①)
2.表經常性,習慣性,傾向性,Would表過去反覆的動作/某種傾向(相對於used to無“現已無此習慣”之義。)
3.表功能,性質
敘述真理:The tree will live
without water for 3 months.
4.表估計:“想必,大概”(只時態區別)此意表對目前事物的預料。That will be the postman ringing.(would表示過去/現在;will表示現在/將來)
5.表“請求/要求”
(Will you?)
此意用於疑問句,常與you連用
Will you give me a piece of paper?
shall
(shan’t)
1.表徵求意見(“好不好”)用在第一、三人稱Shall the reporters wait outside or what?
點2其他示例:
He shall have the book when I finish reading.(允諾)
You shall fail if you don't work harder.(警告)
You shall come at once.(命令)
2.表允諾、威脅、警告、命令或根據規定有義務做
用於第二、第三人稱
Passengers shall not talk with the driver while the bus is moving
3.表規章、法令、預言:“必須”
用於所有人稱
Every competitor shall wear a number
should
ought to
1.表示道義上的責任,義務或要求,有時表示勸告:You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.
(1)should 用於疑問句中表示說話人對某事不能理解,惋惜,感到意外,讚歎,憤怒、驚異等感情,意為“竟會”,有時也用於陳述句中
(2)Should還可以用在if引導的條件從句,表示一件事聽起來可能性很小,但也不是完全沒有可能,相當於“萬一”的意思。(見注意②)
2.表示推測和可能性,是“ (按理說)應該”之意
肯定的語氣沒有must用於推測時強
This pen ought to /should be yours.
3.表示說話人的一種謙遜,客氣,委婉的語氣
此意常用於第一人稱時:
You are mistaken , I should say . (依我看你是搞錯了)

分類及功能


助動詞(auxiliary)主要有兩類:基本助動詞(primary auxiliary)和情態助動詞(modal auxiliary)。基本助動詞有三個:do,have和be;情態助動詞基本的有十四個:may,might; can,could; will,would; shall,should; must,need,dare,used to,ought to.had better 上述兩類助動詞的共同特徵是,在協助主動詞構成限定動詞片語時,具有作用詞的功能:
1)構成否定式:
He didn't go and neither did she.他沒去,她也沒去。
The meeting might not start until 5 o'clock.會議可能直到五點才開始。
2)構成疑問式或附加疑問式:
Must you leave right now?你一定要馬上離開嗎?
You have been learning French for 5 years,haven't you?你已經學了五年法語,不是嗎?
3)構成修辭倒裝:
Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister.他無處得到他姐姐的任何消息。
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他剛到,她就開始抱怨起來。
4)代替限定動詞片語:
A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle?
B: Tom can.
A: Shall I write to him?
B: Yes,do.
• can和could
1. 表示能力或客觀可能性,還可以表示請求和允許。如:
Can you finish this work tonight?你今晚能完成這項工作嗎?
Man can not live without air.人離了空氣不能活。
— Can I go now? — Yes,you can.
—我現在可以走了嗎?—你可以。
注意:①could也可表示請求,語氣委婉,主要用於疑問句,不可用於肯定句,答語應用can(即could不能用於現在時態的簡略答語中)。如:
Could I come to see you tomorrow?我明天能來看您嗎?
Yes,you can. (否定答語可用No,I'm afraid not.)
是的,你可以。(不,恐怕不行。)
②can表示能力時,還可用be able to代替。如:
I'll not be able to come this afternoon.
我今下午不能來。
2. 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態度。(主要用在否定句、疑問句或驚嘆句中)
Can this be true?這可能是真的嗎?
How can you be so careless!你怎麼能這麼粗心!
This can not be done by him.這不可能是他做的。
3. “can(could) + have + 過去分詞”的疑問或否定形式表示對過去發生的行為懷疑或不肯定。如:
He can not have been to that town.他不可能去過那個鎮。
Can he have got the book?他可能擁有這本書嗎?
4. 用在疑問句及否定句中,表示驚訝,不相信等.
5. can not```too\enough表示"無論怎樣``````也不過分","越``````越好"
6.can 可以表示體力或腦力方面的能力,能夠,能,會
Can you finish the work in such a short time你能在那麼短的時間內完成這項工作嗎?
7. can 表示許可、允許,在疑問句中表示要求,在否定句中表示不許,此時可以和may通用。
• may和might
1. 表示許可。
表示請求、允許時,might比may的語氣更委婉一些,否定回答時(口語中常用) no,you can't . or,yes,please 用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意(具有強烈禁止的意思)如:
You may drive the car.
你可以開這輛車。
— Might I use your pen? — No,you mustn't.
—我可以用你的鋼筆嗎?—不,絕對不行。
用May I ... 徵詢對方許可在文體上比較正式,在口氣上比較客氣。在日常口語中,用Can I ... 徵詢對方意見在現代口語中更為常見。
2. 用於祈使句中表示祝願。如:
May you succeed! 祝你成功!
3. 表示推測、可能(疑問句不能用於此意)。
He may be very busy now. 他現在可能非常忙。
4. “may(might) + have + 過去分詞”表示對過去發生的行為的推測。如:
He may not have finished the work. 他可能沒有完成工作。
• must
1. 表示必須、必要。(must表示主觀多一些而have to則表示客觀多一些)如:
I have to give up smoking.(可能是由於身體或其它原因等不得不戒煙)
I must give up smoking. (自己覺得有必要戒煙)
You must come in time. 你必須及時過來。
回答must引出的問句時,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustn't,而要用needn't或don't have to。
— Must we hand in our exercise books today?
— Yes,you must. (No,you don’t have to.)
—我們今天必須交上練習冊嗎?
—是的。(不,不必。)
mustn't意思為“不許、不準”,表示禁止。
—You mustn't play football in the stree
2. “must be + 表語”的結構表示推測,它的否定或疑問式用can代替must。
This must be your pen. 這一定是你的鋼筆。
3. “must + have + 過去分詞”的結構常用在肯定句中,表示對過去發生的行為的推測。它的否定或疑問式用can代替must。
He must have been to Shanghai. 他一定去過上海。
have to
4. have to的含義與must相似,兩者往往可以互換使用,但have to有各種形式,隨have的變化而定。must與have to有下列幾點不同:
① must表示的是說話人的主觀看法,而have to則往往強調客觀需要。如:
The play is not interesting. I really must go now.這部劇沒意思。我真的必須現在就走。
I had to work when I was your age.當我像你這麼大時,我不得不工作。
② must一般只表現在一般現在時,have則有更多的時態形式。
③ 二者的否定意義不大相同。如:
You mustn't go. 你可不要去。
You don't have to go. 你不必去。
④ 詢問對方的意願時應用must。如:
Must I clean all the room?我一定要打掃整個房間嗎?
注意:have to也可拼做have got to。
5. 表示一種與說話人 願望相反、不耐煩的感情色彩,偏偏、非要。
Why must you always bother me為什麼你總是來煩我?
6. must可以表示“非要,偏要”
Must you open the window? It's so cold outside.你非要/偏要開窗嗎?外面真的很冷。
• dare和need
1. need表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態動詞時,僅用於否定句或疑問句中,在肯定句中一般用must,have to,ought to,或should代替。如:
You needn’t come so early.
— Need I finish the work today?
— Yes,you must.
注意:needn't + 不定式的完成式“表示本來不必做某事而實際上做了某事”。如:
You needn't have waited for me.
2. Dare作情態動詞時,主要用於疑問句、否定句和條件從句中,一般不用在肯定句中。如:
How dare you say I'm unfair.
He daren't speak English before such a crowd,dare he?
3. Dare和need常用作實義動詞,有時態、人稱和數的變化,所不同的是,作實義動詞時,在肯定句中,dare後面通常接帶to的不定式,在否定和疑問句中,dare後面可接帶to或不帶to的不定式。如:
I dare to swim across this river.
He does not dare (to) answer.
Don't you dare (to) touch it!
I wondered he dare (to) say that.
He needs to finish it this evening.
• shall
一.Shall的用法:
Shall用於第一人稱,表示徵求對方的意願。如:
What shall we do this evening?
Shall用於第一、第三人稱疑問句中,表示說話人徵求對方的意見或向對方請示。如:
Shall we begin our lesson?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
Shall用於第二、第三人稱,表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如:
You shall fail if you don't work harder. (警告)
He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允諾)
He shall be punished. (威脅)
1.
Shall用於第一人稱,表示徵求對方的意願。如:
What shall we do this evening?
2.
Shall用於第一、第三人稱疑問句中,表示說話人徵求對方的意見或向對方請示。如:
Shall we begin our lesson?
When shall he be able to leave the hospital?
3.
Shall用於第二、第三人稱,表示說話人給對方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如:
You shall fail if you don't work harder. (警告)
He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允諾)
He shall be punished. (威脅)
• should
二.Should的用法:
1. Should表示義務、責任、勸告、建議,其同義詞是ought to;在疑問句中,通常用should代替ought to。如:
You should go to class right away.
Should I open the window?
Should的含義較多,用法較活,現介紹三種其特殊用法。請看下面的句子:
① I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是認為最好再試一試。
② You are mistaken,I should say. 依我看,你是搞錯了。
③ I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是勸你別這樣做。
④ This is something I should have liked to ask you. 這是我本來想問你的。
從以上例句可以看出:情態動詞should用於第一人稱時可以表示說話人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語氣。
Should還可以用在if引導的條件從句,表示一件事聽起來可能性很小,但也不是完全沒有可能。相當於“萬一”的意思。從句謂語由should加動詞原形構成,主句謂語卻不一定用虛擬語氣。如:
⑤ Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你萬一見到她,請讓她給我打個電話。
⑥ If you should change your mind,please let us know. 萬一你改變主意,請通知我們。
⑦ Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 萬一我明天有時間,我就來。
此外,Why(or How) + should結構表示說話人對某事不能理解,感到意外、驚異等意思。意為“竟會”。如:
⑧ Why should you be so late today? 你幾天怎麼來得這麼晚?
⑨ — Where is Betty living? — 貝蒂住在哪裡?
— How should I know? — 我怎麼會知道呢?
⑩ I don't know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你憑什麼認為這件事是我乾的。
2. “should + have + 過去分詞”結構一般表示義務,表示應該做到而實際上沒有做到,並包含一種埋怨、責備的口氣。如:She should have finished it.
I should have helped her,but I never could.
You should have started earlier.
3.表示規章制度,用should
• will和would
1. 表示請求、建議等,would比will委婉客氣。如:
Would you pass me the book?
2. 表示意志、願望和決心。如:
I will never do that again.
They asked if we would do that again.
3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 過去分詞”的結構表示推測,主要用於第二、三人稱。前者表示對目前情況的推測,後者表示對已經完成的動作或事態的推測。如:
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
The guests would have arrived by that time.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
4.will表示習慣、請求,固有性質等。
Everyday he will sit here hour after hour doing nothing.(習慣)
Will you help me with my English?(請求)
The door won't open. (固有性質)
5.Would可表示過去反覆發生的動作或某種傾向。Would表過去習慣時比used to正式,並沒有“現已無此習慣”的含義。如:
The wound would not heal.
During the vacation he would visit me every week。
6. 表料想或猜想。如:
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
I thought he would have told you all about it.
• ought to
1. Ought to表示應該。如:
You ought to take care of him.
2. 表示推測。注意與must表示推測時的區別:
He must be at home by now. (斷定他已到家)
He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定)
This is where the oil must be. (比較直率)
This is where the oil ought to be. (比較含蓄)
3. “ought to + have + 過去分詞”表示過去應做某事而實際未做。如:
You ought to have asked him (but you didn't).
這時,ought to和should可以互相換用。
注意:在美國英語中,ought to用於否定句和疑問句時,to可以省略。如:
Ought you smoke so much?
You oughtn't smoke so much.
ought和should的區別:
1.ought語氣略強。
2.should較常用。
3.ought在美國英語中用的很少,而should卻相當常用。
4.ought屬正式用語。
註:由於ought to 沒有過去式,所以在直接引語變間接引語的過程中,就不再變化.
used to,had better,would rather的用法
1. Used to表示過去的習慣動作或狀態,現在已不存在,在間接引語中,其形式可不變。如:
He told us he used to play football when he was young.
在疑問句、否定句、否定疑問句或強調句中,可有兩種形式:
疑問句
Did you use to go to the same school as your brother?
Used you to go to the same school as your brother?
否定句
I usedn't to go there.
I didn't use to go there.
Usedn't 亦可拼作usen't,但發音皆為['ju:snt]。
否定疑問句
Usen't you to be interested in the theatre?
Didn't you use to be interested in the theatre?
強調句
I certainly used to smoke,but it was a long time ago.
I certainly did use to smoke,but it was a long time ago.
其反意疑問句或簡略回答中,也有兩種形式:
She used to be very fat,didn't she? (口語+常用)/ use(d)n't she? (正式+過時)
Did you use to play chess? Yes,I did.
Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes,I did. (Yes,I used to.)
2. Had better意為“最好”,後接不帶to的不定式。如:
— We had better go now.
— Yes,we had (we'd better / we had better).
Hadn't we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?)
I think I'd better be going. (用於進行時態,表“最好立即”)
You had better have done that. (用於完成時態,表未完成動作)
註:①had best與had better同意,但較少用。②You had better … 用於同輩或小輩,對長輩不可用。
3. Would rather意為“寧願”,表選擇,後接不帶to的不定式。如:
I'd rather not say anything.
Would you rather work on a farm?
— Wouldn't you rather stay here?
— No,I would not. I'd rather go there.
由於would rather表選擇,因而後可接than。如:
I would rather work on a farm than in a factory.
I would rather watch TV than go to see the film.
I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie.
I'd rather you didn't talk about this to anyone. (句中的'd rather不是情態動詞,would在此是表願望的實義動詞)
註:由於used to,had better同ought to一樣沒有過去式,所以在直接引語變間接引語的過程中,也不再變化.
can (could),may (might)的用法
can (could) 表示說話人能,可以,同意,准許,以及客觀條件許可,could 為 can 的過去式。
Can you pass me the books?你能給我遞一下書嗎?
Could you help me,please?請問,你能幫助我嗎?
What can you do?你能幹點什麼呢?
Can you be sure?你有把握嗎?
can 和could 只能用於現在式和過去式兩種時態,將來時態用 be able to 來表示。
He could help us at all.他完全可以幫助我們。
With the teacher's help,I shall be able to speak English correctly.由於老師的幫助,我將能準確地講英語。
may (might) 可以,表示說話人同意,許可或請求對方許可。
You may take the book home.你可以把書帶回家去.
May I come in?我可以進來嗎?
May I use your dictionary?我可以用你的詞典嗎?
You may put on more clothes.你可以多穿點衣服.
He said he might lend us some money.他說他可以借給我們一些錢。
may 否定式為 may not,縮寫形式是 mayn't.
might 是may 的過去式,有兩種用法,一種表示過去式,一種表示虛擬語氣,使語氣更加委婉,客氣或對可能性的懷疑。
He told me he might be here on time.他說他能按時間來。
Might I borrow some money now.我可以借點錢嗎?
He might be alive.他可能還活著。
must,need,ought to,dare (dared)用法
Must 必須,應該,一定,準是,表示說話人認為有必要做某事,命令,要求別人做某事以及對事物的推測。
must 用來指一般現在時和一般將來時,過去式可用 have to 的過去式代替。
I must finish my work today. 我今天必須完成我的工作。
You mustn't work all the time. 你不能老是工作。
Must I return the book tomorrow? 我必須明天還書嗎?
After such a long walk,you must be tired. 走了這麼長的路,你一定困了。
He must be the man I am looking for. 他一定是我要找的人。
He had to go because of somebody's calling him that day. 那天他要走是因為有人叫他。
must + have + 過去分詞,表示現在對過去事物的推測。
He must have told my parents about it.他一定把這件事情告訴我父母親了。
He must have received my letter now.他現在一定收到我的信了。
It's six o'clock already,we must have been late again.已經六點鐘了,我們一定又遲到了。
must 和 have to 的區別:must 表示說話人的主觀思想,have to 表示客觀需要。
You must do it now.你必需現在就干。(說話人認為必須現在干)
I have to go now.我得走了。(客觀條件必須現在走)
need 需要 多用在否定式或疑問句中.
Need I attend the meeting tomorrow?我需要明天參加會議嗎?
You need not hand in the paper this week.這一周你不必交論文。
need 是一個情態動詞,用法完全和其他情態動詞一樣,但 need 還可當作實義動詞使用,這時 need 就象其他動詞一樣,有第三人稱,單複數,後面加帶 to 的動詞等特性。
I need a bike to go to school.我上學需要一輛自行車。
Do you need a dictionary?你需要詞典嗎?
She needs a necklace.她需要一條項鏈。
needn't + have + 過去分詞 表示過去做了沒必要做的事情。
You needn't have taken it seriously.這件事情你不必太認真。
dare 敢, 多用在否定或疑問句中。
The little girl dare not speak in public.小女孩不敢在公眾面前說話。
Dare you catch the little cat?你敢抓小貓嗎?
dare 除用作情態動詞外,更多的是當實義動詞使用,用法同實義動詞一樣,要考慮人稱,單複數,時態等。
Do you dare to walk in the dark?你敢黑夜走路嗎?
He doesn't dare to tell the teacher what happened that day.他不敢告訴老師那天發生的事。
have to,ought ,will ,Shall,should . ought 應當,應該 後面跟帶有 to 的動詞不定式。
You ought to read these books if you want to know how to repair the motorcar.如果你想知道如何修理汽車,你應該讀這些書。
You ought to bring the child here.你應該把孩子帶來。
ought + to have done 句型。指過去動作,表示一件事情該做而未做。
You ought to have been here yesterday.你昨天就應該來。
ought not to have done 句型。表示一件不該做的事情卻做了。
You ought not to have taken the book out of the reading-room.你不應該把書帶出閱覽室。
will (would)決心,願望。would 為 will 的過去式,
可用於各人稱。
I'll do my best to catch up with them.我要盡全力趕上他們。
I'll never do it again,that's the last time.我再不會做那件事情了,這是最後一次。
He said he would help me.他說他會幫助我。
will,would用於疑問句表示說話人向對方提出請求或詢問,用 would 比 will 更婉轉,客氣。
It's hot. Will you open the windows?天氣太熱了,你能打開窗戶嗎?
Will you help me to work it out?你能幫我解這道題嗎?
Would you like some coffee?給你來點咖啡怎樣?
Shall,should表示命令,警告,允諾,徵求,勸告,建議驚奇。
You should hand in the exercise book.你應該交作業本了。
This should be no problem.這應該沒問題。
Shall we go now.我們現在可以走了嗎?
Why should I meet him?為什麼我要見他?
have to,不得不,必須,表示客觀條件只能如此,而must 則表示主觀思想必須。
I have to go now.我現在得走了。
I have to cook for my child.我得給孩子做飯。
You must be here on time next time.你下次一定要按時來。
We must go to get the timetable ourselves.我們一定要自己去拿時刻表。

組合用法


must have done sth.一定做過某事
can/could have done sth.本來能夠做某事,而實際上未做
can't/couldn't have done sth.不可能做過某事
ought to/should have done sth.過去本應該做某事而實際上並沒有做