馬克·格蘭諾維特

馬克‧格蘭諾維特（Mark Granovetter）是斯坦福大學社會系瓊‧巴特勒‧福特（Joan Butler Ford）教授。曾獲得哈佛大學博士學位、斯德哥爾摩大學名譽博士學位，在社會學刊物上發表過多篇文章，論述社會網路、不平等與經濟社會學，現為斯坦福大學Bechtel創新計劃「矽谷社會網路」項目負責人。

馬克‧格蘭諾維特（Mark Granovetter）在2000年和瑪格麗特‧韓柯克（Marguerite Gong Hancock）、黃浩秋（Hokyu Hwang）、埃米利奧‧卡斯蒂拉（Emilio J.Castilla）和艾琳‧格蘭諾維特（Ellen Granovetter）等人一起搞了個調查研究：「矽谷社會網路Social Networks in Silicon Valley」。後來這個研究報告被編入斯坦福大學出版社出版的《矽谷優勢：創新與創業精神的棲息地》（The Silicon Valley Edge）。

Mark Granovetter is Joan Butler Ford Professor in the Department of Sociology at Stanford University. He came to Stanford in 1995 after holding positions on the faculties of Northwestern (1992-1995), SUNY Stony Brook (1977-1992), Harvard (1973-1977) and Johns Hopkins (1970-1973). He received his Ph. D. in Sociology from Harvard in 1970, his B.A. from Princeton in Modern History in 1965, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Stockholm University in 1996.

Mark Granovetter is an American sociologist who has created some of the most influential theories in modern sociology since the 1970s. He is best known for his work in social network theory and in economic sociology, particularly his theory on the spread of information in social networks known as "The Strength of Weak Ties" (1973).

在（二十世紀）六十年代晚期，還是哈佛大學研究生的馬克·格拉諾維特Mark Granovetter通過尋訪麻省牛頓鎮的居民如何找工作來探索社會網路。他非常驚訝地發現那些緊密的朋友反倒沒有那些弱連接的關係更能夠發揮作用。事實上，緊密的朋友根本幫不上忙。 Granovetter描述弱連接的論文被當年的《美國社會學評論》拒之門外而無人問津，直到多年之後才得到認可，並被認為是現代社會學最有影響的論文之一。

弱連接理論由美國社會學家馬克·格拉諾維特（Mark Granovetter）於1974年提出。格蘭諾維特指出：在傳統社會，每個人接觸最頻繁的是自己的親人、同學、朋友、同事……這是一種十分穩定的然而傳播範圍有限的社會認知，這是一種“強連接” (Strong Ties)現象；同時，還存在另外一類相對於前一種社會關係更為廣泛的，然而卻是膚淺的社會認知。例如一個被人無意間提到或者打開收音機偶然聽到的一個人……格蘭諾維特把後者稱為“弱連接”(Weak Ties)。

研究發現：其實與一個人的工作和事業關係最密切的社會關係並不是“強連接”，而常常是“弱連接”。“弱連接”雖然不如“強連接”那樣堅固（金字塔），卻有著極快的、可能具有低成本和高效能的傳播效率。

事實上，在信息的擴散傳播方面，弱連接起著同樣的作用。一個人的親朋好友圈子裡的人可能相互認識，因此，在這樣圈子中，他人提供的交流信息總是冗餘。比如，我從這個朋友或親戚聽到的，可能早已經在另一個朋友那裡聽說了，而他們之間也都相互交談過此話題。日常生活中不乏這樣的事例。

弱鏈接在我們與外界交流時發揮了關鍵的作用，為了得到新的信息，我們必須充分發揮弱鏈接的作用。這些弱鏈接，或是熟人，都是我們與外界溝通的橋樑，不同地方的人通過弱鏈接可以得到不同的信息。最親近的朋友可能生活圈子和你差不多，你們的生活幾乎完全重合。而那些久不見面的人，他們可能掌握了很多你並不了解的情況。只有這些“微弱關係”的存在，信息才能在不同的圈子中流傳。弱鏈接的威力正在於此。

強連接關係通常代表者行動者彼此之間具有高度的互動，在某些存在的互動關係型態上較親密，因此，透過強連接所產生的訊息通常是重複的，容易自成一個封閉的系統。網路內的成員由於具有相似的態度，高度的互動頻率通常會強化原本認知的觀點而降低了與其它觀點的融合，故認為在組織中強連接網路並不是一個可以提供創新機會的管道。

Economic Sociology, Social Stratification, Sociological Theory

Since 1986 Mark Granovetter has been the editor of a Cambridge University Press series, Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. This is the only social science series that emphasizes explanation by reference to relations among concrete social entities such as persons or organizations. More than twenty-five volumes have appeared to date, in sociology, anthropology, political science, history and statistical methods.

2001. The Sociology of Economic Life, 2nd edition, edited with Richard Swedberg. Boulder, CO: Westview Press

1995. Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers, 2nd Edition (with a new Preface and a new chapter updating research and theory since the 1974 edition). University of Chicago Press.

2007. “The Social Construction of Corruption”. Pp. 152-172 in Victor Nee and Richard Swedberg, editors, On Capitalism, Stanford University Press.

2005. “Electric Charges: The Social Construction of Rate Systems”. With Valery Yakubovich and Patrick McGuire. Theory and Society 34 (5-6): 579-612.

2005. "The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes". Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1 ) (Winter): 33-50.

2005. “Business Groups and Social Organization”. Pp. 429-450 in Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg, editors, Handbook of Economic Sociology, Second Edition. Princeton University Press and Russell Sage Foundation.

2003. "Ignorance, Knowledge and Outcomes in a Small World". Science 301 (8 August, 2003): 773-774. (Perspective on Dodds, Muhammad and Watts' "An Experimental Study of Search in Global Social Networks", Science, same issue. )

2002. "A Theoretical Agenda for Economic Sociology". Pp. 35-59 in Mauro Guillen, Randall Collins, Paula England and Marshall Meyer, editors. The New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

2000. "Social Networks in Silicon Valley". With Emilio Castilla, Hokyu Hwang and Ellen Granovetter. Pp. 218-247 in Chong-Moon Lee, William F. Miller, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowen, editors, The Silicon Valley Edge. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

1998. "The Making of an Industry: Electricity in the United States". With Patrick McGuire. Pp. 147-173, in Michel Callon, editor, The Laws of The Markets, Oxford: Blackwell.

1995. "Coase Revisited: Business Groups in the Modern Economy". Industrial and Corporate Change 4(1): 93-130.

1990 “The Myth of Social Network Analysis as a Special Method in the Social Sciences”. In Connections 13(2): 13-16.

1988. "Inequality and Labor Processes" (With Charles Tilly). In Neil Smelser, ed., Handbook of Sociology, pp. 175-221. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

1988. "The Sociological and Economic Approaches to Labor Market Analysis: A Social Structural View". Pp. 187-216 in George Farkas and Paula England, editors, Industries, Firms and Jobs: Sociological and Economic Approaches. New York: Plenum Press.

1988 "Threshold Models of Diversity: Chinese Restaurants, Residential Segregation and the Spiral of Silence." (With Roland Soong). In Clifford Clogg, ed., Sociological Methodology , pp. 69-104.

1986 "The Micro-Structure of School Desegregation". Pp. 81-110 in J. Prager, D. Longshore and M. Seeman, School Desegregation Research: New Directions in Situational Analysis. New York: Plenum Press.

1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology, 91(November): 481-510.

1984. "Small is Bountiful: Labor Markets and Establishment Size". American Sociological Review 49(June): 323-334.

1979 "The Idea of ‘Advancement’ in Theories of Social Evolution and Development." American Journal of Sociology, 85 (November):489-515.

1978. "Threshold Models of Collective Behavior." American Journal of Sociology, 83 (May): 1420-1443.

1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology, 78 (May): 1360-1380.