系動詞

英語中用來輔助主語的動詞

系動詞,也稱聯繫動詞(Linking Verb),是用來輔助主語的動詞。它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,其後必須跟表語,構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特徵等情況。

在英語中,系動詞的功能主要是把表語(名詞、形容詞、某些副詞、非謂詞、介詞短語、從句)和它的主語聯繫在一起,說明主語的性質、特徵、品性或狀態。它有自己的但不完全的詞義,不能在句中獨立作謂語,必須和後面的表語一起構成句子的謂語。它雖是虛詞,但是其用法是複雜的,而且不可忽視。

定義


連接主語和表語的動詞稱為連繫動詞。不能獨立存在,後面必須跟表語一起構成複合謂語,表示主語的身份、類別、特徵、狀態等。
例如:He felt ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(felt是系動詞,後跟表語,說明主語情況。)。
關於連繫動詞後接不定式
■ 連繫動詞 be (am,is,are)后根據情況可自由地接不定式作表語:
1).My dream is to be a scientist. 我的夢想是當一名科學家。
2).All you have to do is to listen. 你只需要聽。
■ seem, appear, prove, turn out, grow 等連繫動詞后也可接不定式(尤其是 to be)短語作表語:
1).The man seemed to be ill. 這個人好像病了。
2).The plan proved to be useful. 這個計劃證明是有用的。
3).He appears to know this. 他好像知道這一點。
4).The weather turned out to be fine. 天氣結果很好。
5).He has grown to like studying English. 他漸漸喜歡學英語了。
若所接不定式為to be,通常可以省略to be。
■ sound, smell, feel, taste, become 等連繫動詞后通常不能接不定式:(也可以理解為用主動表被動)
誤:These oranges taste to be good. (應去掉 to be)
誤:The roses smell to be nice. (應去掉 to be)
連繫動詞look後有時也可接to be,但以省略to be為多。
用法總結:一般地,系動詞後接表語:[包括形容詞(原級、比較級和最高級均可加)、不定式等]。

詳細分類


系動詞的主要分類:
1)狀態系動詞
用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。)
2)持續系動詞
用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always keeps silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。
3)表像系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4)感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布摸起來很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
5)變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣,變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之後,他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時間就富了。
6)終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, turn out, 表達"證實","變成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計劃終於成功了。(turn out表終止性結果)
常見類型歸納:be動詞(am,is,are),感官動詞(feel,look,smell,sound,taste,seem),“變得”詞(get,become,turn,grow),“保持”(remain)。

注意事項


系動詞本身有一定的詞義,不能單獨作謂語,後面與表語連用。複習系動詞時,必須注意以下幾個問題:
1.系動詞be是最重要的,主語不同,be的形式也不同,且有時態的變化。
通常表示主語的特徵、狀態和身份等,後面接形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式、v-ing、過去分詞及表語從句作表語。
特別要注意“由be+過去分詞”所構成的系表結構與“由be+過去分詞”所構成的被動語態的區別。
前者側重於表示主語的特徵或所處的狀態,通常沒有由by引導的介詞短語。
如:The door was closed.
後者側重於強調主語是謂語動詞所示動作的承受者,表示動作;句中可以用由by引導的介詞短語。如:The door was closed by me.
還要注意“由be+ V-ing所構成的系表結構與“由be+ V-ing”所構成的進行時態的區別。
前者側重於說明主語具有的特徵或存在的狀態,也可說明主語是什麼。如:My job is teaching English.
後者側重於強調主語正在做某事。如:Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
2. 要注意由行為動詞轉化成的系動詞。
表示人體感官的系動詞有sound,taste,look,feel,smell等,後面接形容詞;
表示主語從一種狀態轉變到另一種狀態的系動詞有become,get,go,turn,run,grow,come,fall,prove等,後面接形容詞、名詞或 to be+形容詞,become後面接單數名詞時,名詞前要用不定冠詞,turn後面接單數名詞時,名詞前不用不定冠詞;
表示主語繼續或保持某種身份、特徵或狀態的系動詞有continue,keep,remain,stay,stand lie,rest,stay等,後面接表示狀態的形容詞;
表示判斷的系動詞有seem和appear,後面接形容詞、to be+名詞或形容詞、從句、不定式等。
3. 要注意系動詞的固定搭配。常見的有come true, fall asleep, fell ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。
4. 要特別注意某些動詞既可以做系動詞,又可以做實義動詞的用法。
系動詞部分主要注意:其後要求接形容詞,而不是副詞做表語。遇到這種情況,只能先根據其意思判斷清楚到底是前者還是後者,然後再對後面的詞性和詞義做出正確判斷和選擇。以taste一詞為例:
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.(這種新研製的軟飲料嘗起來挺獨特的。注意:在這句話里,taste做系動詞,不能使用進行時,後面接形容詞。)
The chief is tasting the fish carefully.(廚師長正在品嘗這道魚。注意:在這句話中,taste做實意動詞,可以使用進行時,並且後面接副詞做狀語。)
系動詞用法應注意的七個問題
1.系動詞的進行時態應分情況討論。
一般地說,狀態系動詞無進行時態,而動態系動詞有進行時態。但是在某些情況下,狀態系動詞也有進行時態,表示兩個用途:一是表示一種短暫的、反常的狀態。如:
He is being kind.(一時而不能持久的性質)
他裝出和藹可親的樣子。
二是表示一種探詢口氣,使語言客氣、生動、親切。例如:
I hope you are keeping well.(語氣委婉)
我希望你保持健康。
Are you feeling any better?(語氣親切)
你感覺好了些嗎?
試比較:
Your hand feels cold.(無意識的靜態性質。)
你的手摸起來冰涼。
不可以說:
Your hand is feeling cold.(×)
但可以說:
The doctor is feeling her pulse.
(有意識的動態動作)
醫生正在給她拿脈。
The soup tastes good.(靜態性質,無進行時)
這湯的味道不錯。
The cook is tasting the soup.(動態動作,有進行時)
廚師在嘗湯的味道。
總之,系動詞有無進行時態應隨系動詞的意義或其語境變化而變化。我們在概述某一動詞的進行時態時,不能籠統地說feel,smell無進行時,應指出其意義及其語用環境。例如smell的用法可見一斑。
①smell作“嗅覺”的能力時,雖是實義動詞,但指的是一種性質的存在狀態不能用於進行時態,常與can, could, be able to連用。
The camels can smell the water a mile off.
駱駝能嗅出一英裡外有水。
②指“嗅、聞”的動作時,實義動詞,可用於進行時態。
The girl is smelling the flower.
這姑娘正在聞那朵花。
③smell指“含有……氣味”,“發出……氣味”等事物性質時,半系動詞,無進行時態。
The dinner smells good.
這飯菜聞起來真香。
2.系動詞的時態與形容詞的比較級連用的問題。
某些含有變化意義的動態系動詞如get, become, grow, turn等的進行時態可與形容詞的比較級連用,表示漸進過程,其意思是“越來越……”。例如:
He is growing taller and taller.
他長得越來越高了。
Our life is getting better and better.
我們的生活是越來越好了。
The things are getting worse.
情況是越來越糟了。
3.所有半系動詞的被動語態要分情況討論。
英語中某動詞在作系動詞用時,無被動語態,而作實義動詞用時,才有被動語態,二者不可混為一談。例如:
不能說:
The apple is tasted good.
(因為taste此時是系動詞,“嘗起來”之意,指的是蘋果的性質,無被動語態)
但我們可以說:
The apple is tasted by me.
這蘋果被我嘗了一下。
(taste此時指“嘗一嘗”這一動作,有被動語態)
因此,在平時的英語教學和學習之,要有意注意半系動詞在具體的語言環境中到底是系動詞用法還是實義動詞用法,要注意區分、識別。
4.瞬間動態系動詞能否與時間段連用的問題
英語中某些表示瞬間意義的系動詞不能與“for+時間段,since+時間點,how long until+時間,by + 時間,so far”等直接連用。例如:
①不能說:He has become a teacher for 2 years.
應改為:He has been a teacher for 2 years.
②不能說:He has turned writer since 3 years ago.
應改為:He has been a writer since 3 years ago.
或It is three years since he turned writer.
③不能說:He got angry until his child came back home.
應改為:He didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
5.系動詞能接幾種表語(從句)
系動詞除了接adj.\n.\prep.短語,某些adv.以外,還可接以下幾種表語形式:
①能接as if/as though表語從句的系動詞有:look(看起來),smell(聞起來),sound(聽起來),feel(覺得);appear(看起來,同look、seem),seem(似乎)。例如:
It looks as if we are going to have snow.
看樣子天要下雪了。
He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
他看來好像剛從我的童話故事中走出來似的。
She seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why Laura was there.
看來她好像不能理解為什麼勞拉呆在那兒。
It sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
我好像聽到某處水龍頭流水的聲音。
She felt as if her head were splitting.
她彷彿覺得她的頭要裂開了。
The river appeared as if enveloped in smog.
那條河好像籠罩在煙霧之中。
It seems as if it were spring already.
好像已是春天了。
②可用於“It+系動詞+that從句”結構的有:seem, appear, 不可用be, look。如:
It seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.
好像他在工作中犯了嚴重錯誤。
It appeared that he was talking to himself.
好像他在自言自語。
③能用不定式作表語的系動詞有:be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.
Her job is to look after the children.
她的工作是照料孩子們。
He seems not to look after the children.
他似乎沒有照顧孩子。
She looks to be a young girl of twenty year-old.
她看起來像是一個20歲的年輕姑娘。
He didn’t appear to dislike it.
看不出他憎恨此事。
My advice proved to be wrong.
我的建議證明是錯誤的。
He will grow to like this work gradually.
他會逐漸喜歡這個工作的。
④能與there連用的系動詞有:be, appear, seem.
There appeared to be only one room.
那兒好像只有一個房間。
There seems(to be)no need to go.
似乎沒有必要走。
6.能用兩種否定形式的系動詞有兩個:seem, appear.
舉例說明:
It doesn’t seem that we can get our money back.
= It seems that we can’t get our money back.
He seems not to be her father.
= He doesn’t seem to be her father.
The baby doesn’t appear to be awake.
= The baby appears not to be awake.
7.後接作表語的過去分詞可構成系表結構
能構成系表結構的系動詞通常有兩個:第一個是常見的be(is, am, was等);第二個是get,口語中常用。當二者作系動詞用時,它們均表示一種存在狀態,而不表示被動動作;當二者作助動詞用時,後接作謂語的過去分詞構成被動語態。
Be + 過去分詞常可以用Get+過去分詞來代替,但是並不是be系動詞總是可以用get來代替。Get+過去分詞常用於以下兩種情況:
1)表示偶然的、突發性的、意想不到的被動動作的結果或狀態。
Last night I got caught in the downpour.
昨夜我被雨淋了(表示意想不到)
The new car got scratched.
新車給刮壞了。(表突發性)
著名學者周海中教授在論文《Get-Passive研究》中指出:Get+過去分詞的被動語態是一種新興的被動語態形式;相對來說它的使用還沒有Be+過去分詞構成的被動語態那麼廣泛,一般限於口語和非正式書面語;但它卻有著用得愈來愈多的趨勢,是一種生氣蓬勃的語言現象。
2)表示對自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。
John got injured while playing football last Saturday.
約翰上周星期六踢足球時受了傷。
They got married last month.
他們上個月結婚了。
另外,要注意區分系表結構與被動語態結構的用法。
8.系動詞與動詞的區別
系動詞亦稱聯繫動詞(Link Verb),作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,後邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特徵等情況。但是,有些系動詞又是實義動詞,該動詞表達實義時,有詞義,可單獨作謂語。
例如: He felt ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。(felt是系動詞,後跟補足語,說明主語情況。)
He fell off the bike. 他從自行車上摔下來。
fell是實義動詞,單獨作謂語。表示動作中狀態的詞叫做動詞。根據其在句中的功能,動詞可分為四類,分別是:實義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態動詞。但是,有些情況下,有些動詞是兼類詞。
例如: We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會。(have是實義動詞。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。(have是助動詞。)
動詞根據其後是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是:及物動詞、不及物動詞,英語縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。但是,同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞,有時可用作不及物動詞。
例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動詞。)
She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動詞。)

怎樣區分


連繫動詞多有自己的意思,但不能獨立作謂語,必須與表語(名詞、形容詞,或與之相當的詞類、短語、從句)一起構成合成謂語。最常用的連繫動詞為be(系)動詞,即完全連繫動詞,另外還有look,turn,feel,get,become,sound,smell,stand,go,remain等半連繫動詞。無論是完全連繫動詞還是半連繫動詞、後面都有表語。半連繫動詞是由實意動詞變來的,分辨該動詞為實意動詞還是半連繫動詞可以嘗試用比較法和替換法。

比較法

比較下列各組句子
1.A. Please look at the blackboard.請看黑板。 B. He looked a perfect fool.他看上去是個十足的神經病
2.A.Turn to Page 16.翻到 16頁。 B.He turned traitor to his country.他背叛了祖國。
3.A.He felt it his duty to help others.他認為幫助別人是自己的責任。 B.I felt very hungry after a long walk.走了一段長路,我感到很餓。
4.A.Get me some ink.給我一些墨水。 B.Our motherland is getting stronger and stronger.我們國家變得越來越強大了。
5.A.Such words do not become a scholar.那樣的話不像出自學者之口。 B.Some of the fields became covered with water.一些田地覆蓋著水。
6.A.This black key on the piano won''t sound.這鋼琴上的黑鍵按下去不響。 B. The story sounds interesting.這故事聽起來很有趣。
7.A.I am sure I smell gas.我肯定聞到了煤氣味。 B.The flowers smell sweet.花朵散發芳香。
8.A.He was too weak to stand.他太虛弱,不能站立。 B.Holding the note in his hand,he stood there dumbfounded.他拿著鈔票,站在那裡,目瞪口呆。
9.A.He goes to school early every morning.他每天早上很早上學。 B. They went mad.他們發狂了。
10.A. I remained 3 weeks in Paris.我在巴黎逗留了三周。 B.He never remained satisfied with his success.他從不滿足於自己的成績。

替換法

分析以上10組句子我們不難看出B組動詞均為連繫動詞,因為如果我們把動詞 be(是)的適當形式替代斜體動詞,句子能夠成立,後面的成分即是表語。
(1)He was a perfect fool.
(2)He was a traitor to his country.
(3)I was very hungry after a long walk.
(4)Our motherland is stronger and stronger.
(5)Some of the land was covered with water.
(6)The story is interesting.
(7)The flowers are sweet.
(8)Holding the note in his hand,he was there dumbfounded.
(9)They were mad.
(10)He was never satisfied with his success.
反之,如果把 be(是)動詞的適當形式替代 A組動詞,句子則不能成立,無法解釋,A組動詞均不為連繫動詞:
*(l)Please be at the blackboard.
*(2)Be to Page l6.
*(3)He was if his duty to help others.
*(4)Be me some ink.
*(5)Such words are not a scholar.
*(6)The black key on the piano won''t be.
*(7)I am sure I am gas.
*(8)He was too weak to be.
*(9)He is to school early every morning.
*(10)I was 3 weeks in Paris.
另外半連繫動詞是由實意動詞變來的。所以把含有半連繫動詞的句子改為疑問句時,一定要用助動詞。
例如:1. Do they look tired?
2.Has she got ready?
3.Did it become much more expensive to travel abroad?
不論完全連繫動詞或半連繫動詞,它們都有時態的變化,但有些半連繫動詞從形式上看像是現在進行時,實際上並不表示動作正在進行。而是表示“漸漸”的意思或表示一種感情色彩。
(1)It's getting warmer and warmer.
天漸漸暖和起來了。
(2)Are you feeling better now?
你現在好點了嗎?
因為半系動詞本屬於不及物動詞,所以沒有被動語態。
如不能說:* Good medicine is tasted bitter to the mouth.應說:
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.良藥苦口。

專項訓練


練習題

1.—What is Mr Wang like? —____. A. He is a teacher B. He is old and kind C. He looks like a balloon D. He likes English
2.What Mr White said sounds____. A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely
3.The poor boy ____ blind at the age of three. A. turned B. goes C. became D. went
4.When he was a child he____ . A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came true
5.His voice____ as if he has a cold. A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems
6.This shirt___ as if it is made of cotton. A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems
7.He looks ___ he hadn’t had a good meal for a month A. that B. as if C. when D. so far
8.It ____that he was late for the train. A. looks B. turns C. gets D. seems
9.These apples taste_____. A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good
10.—Do you like the shirt? —Yes, it ____ very soft. A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt
11.The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he____ asleep A. kept B. got C. fell D. fall
12.When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark. A. going B. getting C. running D. coming
13.Their plan ____ to be a perfect one. A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving
14.The flowers in the garden ____ sweet. A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell
15.She____ like her mother in character. A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels
16.It____ another fine day tomorrow. A. seems B. promises C. appears D. looks
17.He ____ much younger than he really is. A. appears B. grows C. becomes D. turns
18.You____ very pale. Do you feel sick? A. looked B. look C. looking D. are looked
19.His wish to become a driver has ____true. A. turned B. realized C. come D. grown
20.Her father ____a writer. A. turned B. grew C. has turned D. has become
21.Neither of us ____ a doctor.
A. am B. are C. is D. were
22.He ____ a famous writer.
A. turns B. become C. has become D. has turned
23.The girl's face ____ red.
A. turned B. got C. feel D. look
24.He ____ very glad.
A. looked B. turned C. feel D. looks
25.The flowers ____ fragrant (芳香).
A. get B. smells C. smell D. feels
26.The table ____ very smooth.
A. look B. turn C. feels D. smell
27.Jack ____ younger than Tom.
A. look B. feel C. feels D. looks
28.She looks ____.
A. happy B. to be happy C. happily D. that she is happy
(二)用smell,taste,go,get,become,grow,seem,look,feel,turn的適當形式填空:
1.You _ _ __ very young.
2.At first those questions_ _ __easy, but later I found them difficult.
3.After the sports meeting, he _ _ __very tired.
4.My younger brother _ _ __a student last year.
5.When we_ _ __ up, we're going to help build up our country.
6.The flowers _ _ __very sweet.
7.Her face _ _ __red.
8.Jack _ _ __very happy.
9.The mooncake _ _ __good.
10.The meat_ _ __bad.

答案分析

1. B What’s...like?是詢問人或事物的性質特徵情況的交際用語,答語中常含有說明性質特徵情況的形容詞。
2. A sound表示“聽起來”,後面接形容詞作表語,答案B、C、D均為副詞。
3. D若人或事物的情況變化是永久性的或難以扭轉的壞變化時,用系動詞go表示。
4. C run wild是固定搭配,表示“放蕩不羈”。
5. A sound表示“聽起來”,後面接as if 引導的表語從句,表示對主語所表示的特徵、狀態或性質作出的反應及判斷。
6. C feel作系動詞用時,表示“(東西)摸上去令人有某種感覺”。
7. B as if引導表語從句時,從句謂語動作發生在主句謂語動作之前,從句謂語用過去完成式。
8. D “ It seems that…”表示“看起來……”。是固定句型,強調根據一定的事實所得出的一種接近於實際情況的判斷。
9. D taste表示“嘗起來”時,是系動詞,後面接形容詞作表語。
10. A feel表示“(某物)摸上去(令人)有某種感覺”時,是系動詞,用於一般現在時。
11. C fall asleep表示“入睡”,是固定搭配,根據題意,應用過去時。
12. B get表示“逐漸……起來”、“開始……起來”時,是系動詞,多用於進行時。
13. A prove表示“證明是”時,是系動詞。
14. D smell表示“有……的氣味”、“散發氣味”時,是系動詞,後面接形容詞。
15. C belike表示“看起來像”時,既可指外貌,又可指品質和特徵,側重於特徵。
16. B promise表示“有……的可能”、“給人以……的指望”時,是系動詞,後面接名詞作表語。
17. A appear表示“看起來”時,是系動詞。側重於在外表給人某種印象,常為“假象”。
18. B look表示“顯得”、“看起來”時,是系動詞,後面接形容詞作表語,用進行時態,常帶有感情色彩。
19. C come true是固定搭配,表示“實現”,其中come是系動詞,表示“成為”、“變得”。
20. D become表示“變成”,作系動詞用,在後面作表語的名詞前要加a或an。turn後跟可數名詞單數要去掉a(n)。