概略化

概略化

是指採用虛化的方式來翻譯原文較為具體化的表達方式。英語中常出現一些字面意義比較明確、具體、實在或形象的詞句,但從上下文所表述的精神實質來看,作者的真正意圖有時並不強調這些詞句所表示的具體事物或概念,而是著意於一些概括性的、泛指的或一般性的事理。

概述


概略化(generalization):
譬如用deadlock (打不開的鎖)來指"僵局",用circulation desk (流通桌子)來只指"借閱處"。在這種情況下,譯者可以反其字面意義,從漢語中選擇含義抽象、概括或籠統的譯詞加以表達。這種概略化的譯法更加符合事理的邏輯和漢語的表意習慣,更能給讀者一個完整的印象。一般說來,概略化的譯法可分為以下兩種情況:

具體詞義概略化。


原文中某些字面意義明確具體的詞語,採用漢語中含義抽象、概括的詞語來表達。例如:
(1) The United States is often depicted as a nation that has been devouring the world's mineral resources.人們常把美國說成是一個揮霍世界礦物資源的國家。(devour原義為"吞食")
(2) A single thermonuclear bomb today has the destructive force of all the bombs and other explosives of World War II.今天,一枚熱核彈頭的殺傷力就相當於二次大戰中全部炮火的總和。(bomb和explosive的原義分別為"炸彈"和"炸藥")
(3) Monday-morning quarterbacking about Israel's lack of preparedness for the October war plunged the country into a new political crisis last week.人們在事後指責以色列在十月戰爭中缺乏準備。上周,這種指責將以色列推入了一場新的政治危機。(Monday-morning quarterbacking如用具體化處理就是"星期一上午的四分後衛")
(4) For generations coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy sources used to transport men form place to place.幾十年來,煤和石油一直被認為是交通運輸的重要能源。(transport…place概略化譯出)

具體概念概略化。


原文中某些字面意義比較實在或形象的片語或短語等改譯成漢語中比較概括或籠統的說法。例如:
(1)In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table. 在現代世界上,鹽除了供食用外,還有許多其他用途。(dining table原文為"飯桌")
(2) Pregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may need vitamins.孕婦和哺乳期的婦女可能需要維生素。(breast…children原義為"給自己的孩子餵奶")
(3) ATGMs alone cannot be expected to bear the burden of the MBT threat. 不能單單指望反坦克導彈來對付主戰坦克的威脅。(bear……of原義為"承受……的重擔")
(4) The scene is a dramatic reenactment of one among thousands of spontaneous that led up to the revolution. 這個非同尋常的事件,只不過是最終導致革命的千萬個自發行動之一。(dramatic reenactment如具體化翻譯就是"戲劇的再現")
(5) Cyrus Vance has always been a clean-desk man, so it did not take him long to prepare to leave Washington. 萬斯辦事向來有條不紊,因此,他並沒花大量的時間就作好了離開華盛頓的準備。
(6)Don't worry about it, for the project is on the fire.
別擔心,他們正在審議這個計劃呢。