牆蘚屬

屬：牆蘚屬

屬丁：  

二：  ...

界：植物界

門：苔蘚植物門 Bryophyta

綱：真蘚植物綱(Bryopsida)

亞綱：曲尾蘚亞綱(Dicranidae)

目：叢蘚目（Pottiales）

科：叢蘚科 Pottiaceae

屬：牆蘚屬 Tortula

凹葉泛生牆蘚

長尖葉牆蘚

齒肋牆蘚

刺葉牆蘚

大牆蘚

短尖葉牆蘚

鈍葉牆蘚

泛生牆蘚

具邊牆蘚

平葉牆蘚

牆蘚

全緣牆蘚

土生牆蘚

彎葉牆蘚

無芒泛生牆蘚

無疣牆蘚

雲南牆蘚

中華牆蘚

該植物體矮小、疏生、鈣土蘚類。莖單一，基部多假根。葉干時扭轉，濕時傾立，全緣下部背卷，緣多分化；中肋突出；葉上部細胞綠色，具馬蹄形細密疣，下部方形，透明。雌雄同株。環帶發育，易脫落。蒴齒32，1～4回左旋。

本屬約50種。

廣佈於南北半球的溫帶及暖熱帶地區，在高山寒地也有分佈．多生於石灰岩及鈣質土上。中國以往先後報道有14種，在西南諸省，尤以西藏高原地區種類最多。

1.葉中肋較細，長達葉尖即消失········································2

1.葉中肋較粗壯，長達葉尖且突出呈短刺狀或長毛狀·······························4

2.葉片呈闊倒卵圓形；蒴齒具高的基膜，齒片呈線形向左旋扭················11.短尖葉牆蘚T. schmidii.

2.葉片呈卵圓形或卵狀舌形；蒴齒基膜矮或無基膜，齒片呈線狀披針形，明顯旋扭··················3

3.植物體較纖長（高約2-3cm）；葉邊僅中下部稍背卷；蒴齒無基膜·············14.雲南牆蘚T. yunnanensis

3.植物體較短壯，（高約3-5mm）；葉邊上下均背卷；蒴齒具矮的基膜·············3.長蒴牆蘚T. leptotheca

4.葉先端具短刺狀小尖頭或細毛尖········································5

4.葉先端具由多列細胞組成的粗長毛尖·····································7

5.葉緣由1-4列細胞強烈增厚，形成明顯分化的黃色葉邊······················13.牆蘚T. subulata

5.葉緣無明顯分化的葉邊···········································6

6.葉片呈倒卵狀舌形，葉邊全緣，平展；茹柄短，（長約5mm)················7.平葉牆蘚T. planijolia

6.葉片呈長卵狀橢圓形，葉邊明顯背卷；蒴柄細長（長約20---25mm)···············5.泛生牆蘚T. muralis.

7.葉片多呈倒卵形，且多平展，葉先端毛尖平滑或疏具細齒，中肋背面平滑·····················8

7.葉片疣呈卵圓形，葉邊明顯背卷，葉先端毛尖具突出的刺狀粗齒，中肋背面也具刺狀齒···············10

8.莖短小（長約7mm )；葉中肋突出呈平滑而透明的短毛尖·················6.台灣牆蘚 T. nankomontana

8.莖較長（長約20---50mm）；中肋突出呈長毛尖·································9

9.中肋具無色透明，被疏齒的長毛尖；葉細胞呈5--6角形，胞壁薄······，·····4.長尖葉牆蘚T. longimucronata

9.中肋具紅棕色而平滑無齒的毛尖；葉細胞呈多角狀圓形，胞壁較厚··············12.中華牆蘚T. sinensis

10.葉片較厚，由2層細胞構成；葉端毛尖呈紅棕色，密被粗刺狀齒··············2.刺葉牆蘚T. desertorum

10.葉片較薄，僅具1層細胞；葉先端毛尖無色透明，疏被刺狀齒·························11

11.植株較高大，（高達5--8cm），葉片呈倒卵狀匙形，基部狹長成鞘狀··············10.山牆蘚T. ruralis

11．植株較矮小，（高約2---4cm )，葉片呈卵圓形，基部闊，不成鞘狀······················12

12.葉片背仰呈鐮刀狀彎曲；葉細胞呈多角狀圓形，胞壁稍增厚·················9.彎葉牆蘚T. reflexa

12.葉片不彎曲；葉細胞呈5-6角形，胞壁薄···································13

13.植株較粗壯；葉先端毛尖上密被尖齒····························8.大牆蘚T. princes

13.植株很細小；葉先端毛尖上被疏生刺狀齒·························1.齒肋牆蘚T. caninems

牆鮮T. subulata Hedw.

植株矮小而粗壯，幼時鮮綠色，老時呈紅棕色。莖單一，稀叉狀分枝。基部多具紅棕色假根。葉干時旋扭，略皺縮，濕時伸展，呈卵形、倒卵形或舌形，先端圓鈍，具小尖頭或漸尖，基部有時呈鞘狀；葉邊全緣，常背卷；中肋粗壯，紅棕色，多突出葉尖呈短刺狀或白色長毛尖，先端及背面有時具刺狀齒；稀不及葉尖即消失；葉上部細胞呈多角一圓形，密被疣數新月形、馬蹄形或圓環狀疣，稀平滑無疣；基部細胞呈長方形，無色，一透明，平滑無疣；葉緣有時具狹長，黃色或棕色細胞構成的分化邊。雌雄同株。蒴柄細長；孢蒴長圓柱形，直立或略傾立；蒴齒具矮或高的基膜，齒片32條，呈狹長線形或不規則的披針形，密被細疣，1-4次左旋，稀直立；蒴蓋圓錐形，具長喙；蒴帽兜形。孢子小，黃綠色或黃棕色，平滑或疏生細疣。