奧斯陸協議

奧斯陸協議（Oslo Accords ），是指1993年8月20日以色列總理拉賓和巴勒斯坦解放組織主席阿拉法特在挪威首都奧斯陸秘密會面后達成的和平協議。9月13日，雙方於美國白宮草坪簽署了《臨時自治安排原則宣言》，被認為是以巴和平進程中的里程碑。但在協議簽署后兩年，拉賓遭以色列極端分子剌殺，其後巴勒斯坦極端勢力亦連續發動針對以色列的襲擊事件，街頭衝突逐漸演變成雙方武裝對抗，奧斯陸協議的執行遭無限期擱置。

1993年9月,《奧斯陸協議》的簽訂更讓人們以為和平近在咫尺。然而兩年後，一聲槍響，以色列總理拉賓的遇刺打破了和平的夢想。

根據1947年11月聯合國關於巴勒斯坦分治的第181號決議規定，在巴勒斯坦地區建立阿拉伯國和猶太國。猶太人同意決議並建立“以色列國”，阿拉伯國家反對該決議未在規定地區內建立阿拉伯國。此後阿拉伯聯盟國家與以色列之間便發生了多次戰爭。

實質上, 撤退以色列軍隊從 和 和自治的巴勒斯坦人在那些區域之內通過創作 巴勒斯坦當局. 巴勒斯坦規則會持續期間永久狀態會談判的一個五年暫時的期間在(起點不更晚比1996 5月)。永久問題譬如 , 難民、以色列解決在區域, 安全和疆界從協議故意地被排除了和被確定了依照沒被預斷。暫時的自治將被授予在階段之內。

直到一份最後的狀態協議被做了, 約旦河西岸和加沙會被劃分成三個區域:

區域A - 巴勒斯坦當局的完全控制。

區域B - 巴勒斯坦民用控制, 以色列軍事控制。

區域C - 充分的以色列控制。

與原則一起二個小組簽字 互相承認信件 - 以色列政府認可了PLO 作為巴勒斯坦人的合法的代表當PLO 認可了以色列的權利存在並且放棄了恐怖主義、暴力和它的慾望為以色列的破壞。

協議包含了17 篇文章, 4 附錄, 和同意分鐘。下列是一個簡要的總結根據實際協議:

文章1: 交涉的目標

以色列巴勒斯坦交涉的目標在之內 中東和平進程 是建立巴勒斯坦暫時的自已政府當局, 當選委員會, 為巴勒斯坦人在 和 , 一個過渡周期不超出五年, 導致永久解決根據 和 聯合國安全理事會決議338, 整體和平進程的整體部分。

文章2: 框架為暫時的期間

協議框架為暫時的期間被指出了在原則聲明。

文章3: 巴勒斯坦競選

為了巴勒斯坦人應該治理自己根據民主原則, 直接, 任意和一般政治競選會舉行為委員會在同意的監督和國際觀察下, 當巴勒斯坦警察會保證公共秩序。

文章4: 巴勒斯坦理事會的司法

巴勒斯坦委員會的司法會包括西岸和加沙地帶, 除了會談判在永久狀態交涉的問題。雙方觀看了西岸和加沙地帶作為一個唯一領土單位, 正直將被保存在暫時的期間。

文章5: 轉折和永久狀態

五年過渡周期從撤退會開始從加沙地帶和 區域。永久狀態交涉儘快會開始在以色列和巴勒斯坦代表之間。它被了解, 交涉應該包括殘餘的問題, 有: , 難民、解決、安全安排、疆界、與其它鄰居的聯繫和合作, 和其它共同利益的問題。

文章6: 力量調動

在原則聲明和撤退從加沙地帶和Jericho 地區的生效, 當局調動從 政府和它的民用管理對授權巴勒斯坦人將開始在以下球形: 教育和文化、健康、社會保障、直接徵稅, 和旅遊業。

文章7: 未來臨時協定

以色列和巴勒斯坦代表團將談判一個協議在暫時的期間(以著名 臨時協定) 哪些會指定委員會、調動力量和責任從以色列軍事政府和它的民用管理的結構對將建立, 尤其, 巴勒斯坦電當局、加沙 海港當局、巴勒斯坦開發銀行、巴勒斯坦促進出口委員會、巴勒斯坦環境當局、巴勒斯坦土地當局和巴勒斯坦水管理當局的委員會, 並且任何其它當局同意, 與將指定他們的力量和責任的臨時協定符合。

在委員會的就職典禮以後, 民用管理將被融化, 並且以色列軍事政府將被撤出。

文章8: 公共秩序

委員會會建立強的警察, 當以色列將繼續運載對保衛的責任反對外部危機, 並且對以色列人整體安全的責任為保障他們的內部安全和公共秩序的目的。

文章9: 法律和軍事命令

委員會會被授權立法, 與臨時協定符合, 在所有當局之內轉移到它。兩個黨當前聯合會回顧法律和軍事命令生效在殘餘的球形。

文章10: 連絡委員會

一個聯合以色列巴勒斯坦連絡委員會會建立為了應付問題要求協調, 其它共同利益的問題, 和爭執。

文章11: 經濟合作

以色列巴勒斯坦經濟合作委員會將建立為了顯現出並且實施以節目辨認在協議的合作方式。

文章12: 約旦和埃及

政府 和 會被邀請參加建立更加進一步的連絡和合作安排在以色列和巴勒斯坦代表, 一方面, 和約旦和埃及的政府之間, 另一方面, 促進合作在他們之間。

文章13: 以色列變更部署

以色列軍事力量的變更部署在約旦河西岸和加沙地帶會發生。

文章14: 以色列撤退

以色列從加沙地帶和Jericho 地區會讓步。

文章15: 解決爭端

爭執將由交涉解決通過聯合連絡委員會建立。爭執哪些無法由交涉安定可以由緩和機制解決由黨同意。

文章16: 地區項目

以色列人和巴勒斯坦人觀看多邊工作團體作為為促進的一台適當的儀器"", 地區項目和其它節目, 包括特別節目為西岸和加沙地帶。

文章17: 其它provisisions

原則聲明會生效一個月在它簽字以後。所有協議被吞併對原則聲明和同意的分鐘附屬對它, 應該被看待作為它一部分。

附錄1: 競選的條件

競選競選協議、系統, 規則和章程關於競選活動, 包括同意的安排為組織大眾傳播媒體, 和准許廣播和電視台的可能性。

附錄2: 以色列人軍隊撤退

關於撤退的一個協議以色列軍事力量從加沙地帶和Jericho 地區。這個協議將包括全面安排申請在加沙地帶和Jericho 地區隨後對以色列撤退。

上述協議將包括, 尤其:

安排為當局光滑和平安的調動從以色列軍事政府和它的民用管理對巴勒斯坦代表。

結構、巴勒斯坦當局的力量和責任在這些區域, 除了: 外在安全、解決、以色列人, 外交關係, 和其他相互同意事態。

安排為內部安全和公共秩序的做法由巴勒斯坦警察包括警察從國外吸收了當地和拿著約旦護照和巴勒斯坦文件由埃及發布)。那些將參加巴勒斯坦警察來從國外應該被訓練作為警察和警察。

臨時國際或外國存在, 依照同意。

一個聯合巴勒斯坦以色列協調和合作委員會的創立為相互安全purposes。

安排為一個安全段落為人和運輸在加沙地帶和Jericho 地區之間。

安排為協調在兩個黨之間關於段落: 加沙- 埃及; 並且Jericho - 約旦。

附錄3: 經濟合作

雙方同意建立以色列巴勒斯坦繼續的委員會為經濟合作, 集中, 尤其, 於以下:

合作在水的領域。

合作在電領域。

合作在能量領域。

合作在財務領域。

合作在運輸和通信領域。

合作在通商貿易領域。

合作在產業領域。

合作, 和章程, 勞資關係和

合作在社會保障問題。

一個環境保護計劃。

合作在通信和媒介領域。

附錄4: 區域發展

雙方將合作就多邊和平努力的狀況在促進一個發展方案為區域, 包括約旦河西岸和加沙地帶, 被創始 G-7.

周詳A: 一般理解

所有力量和責任轉移到巴勒斯坦人通過原則聲明在委員會的就職典禮之前將是依於同樣原則附屬對文章IV, 依照開始在同意的分鐘內如下。

分鐘B: 具體理解

文章IV: 委員會的司法

它將被了解那: 委員會的司法會包括約旦河西岸和加沙地帶疆土, 除了會談判在永久狀態交涉的問題: 耶路撒冷、解決、軍事地點, 和以色列人。委員會的司法會申請關於同意的力量、責任、球形和當局轉移到它。

文章VI (2): 轉移的當局

它同意, 當局調動會是如下: 巴勒斯坦人會通知以色列人s 會承擔力量、許可權和責任會轉移到巴勒斯坦人根據原則聲明在以下領域授權巴勒斯坦人的名字: 教育和文化、健康、社會保障、直接徵稅、旅遊業, 和任何其它當局同意。

文章VII (2): 合作

臨時協定並且會包括安排為協調和合作。

文章VII (5): 以色列的力量

撤退軍事政府不會防止以色列行使力量和責任沒轉移到委員會。

文章VIII: 警察

它被了解, 臨時協定會被安排為合作和協調。他並且同意, 力量和責任調動到巴勒斯坦警察會被完成以被逐步採用的方式。

文章X: 選定官員

它同意, 以色列和巴勒斯坦代表團會交換個體的名字由他們選定作為會做出決定由協議聯合以色列巴勒斯坦連絡委員會的成員。

附錄II: 以色列的繼續的責任

它被了解, 隨後對以色列撤退, 以色列會繼續負責對外在安全, 並且為內部安全和解決和以色列人公共秩序。

（英文）

Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization Agreement : 1993

The Government of the State of Israel and the Palestinian team representing the Palestinian people agree that it is time to put an end to decades of confrontation and conflict, recognize their mutual legitimate and political rights, and strive to live in peaceful coexistence and mutual dignity and security to achieve a just, lasting and comprehensive peace settlement and historic reconciliation through the agreed political process. Accordingly, the two sides agree to the following principles.

Article 1 AIM OF THE NEGOTIATIONS

The aim of the Israeli Palestinian negotiations within the current Middle East peace process is, among other things, to establish a Palestinian Interim Self-Government Authority, the elected Council, (the "Council") for the Palestinian people in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, for a transitional period not exceeding five years, leading to a permanent settlement based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338.

It is understood that the interim arrangements are an integral part of the whole peace process and that the negotiations on the permanent status will lead to implementation of Security Council Resolution 242 and 338.

Article II FRAMEWORK FOR THE INTERIM PERIOD

The agreed framework for the interim period is set in this declaration of principles.

Article III ELECTIONS

1. In order that the Palestinian people in the West Bank and Gaza Strip may govern themselves according to democratic principles, direct, free and general political elections will be held for the Council under agreed supervision and international observation, while Palestinian police will insure public order.

2. An agreement will be concluded on the exact mode and conditions of the elections in accordance with the protocol attached as Annex I, with the goal of holding the elections not later than nine months after the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles.

3. The elections will constitute a significant interim preparatory step toward the realization of the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people and their just requirements.

Article IV JURISDICTION

Jurisdiction of the Council will cover West Bank and Gaza territory, except for issues that will be negotiated in the permanent status negotiations. The two sides view the West Bank and Gaza Strip as a single territorial unit, whose integrity will be preserved during the interim period.

Article V TRANSITIONAL PERIOD AND PERMANENT STATUS NEGOTIATIONS

1. The five-year transitional period will begin upon the withdrawal from the Gaza strip and Jericho area.

2. Permanent status negotiations will commence as soon as possible, but not later than the beginning of the third year of the interim period between the Government of Israel and the Palestinian people representatives.

3. It is understood that these negotiations shall cover remaining issues, including: Jerusalem, refugees, settlements, security arrangements, border, relations and cooperation with their neighbors, and other issues of common interest.

4. The two parties agreed that the outcome of the permanent status negotiations should not be prejudiced or preempted by agreements reached for the interim period.

Article VI PREPARATORY TRANSFER OF POWERS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

1. Upon the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles and withdrawal from the Gaza and Jericho area, a transfer of authority from Israeli military government and its Civil Administration to the authorized Palestinians for this task, as detailed herein, will commence. This transfer of authority will be of preparatory nature until the inauguration of the Council.

2. Immediately after the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles and the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip and the Jericho area, with the view of promoting economic development in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, authority will be transferred to the Palestinians on the following spheres: education and culture, health, social welfare, direct taxation, and tourism, the Palestinian side will commence in building the Palestinian police, as agreed upon. Pending the inauguration of the Council, the two parties may negotiate the transfer of additional powers and responsibilities, as agreed upon.

Article VII INTERIM AGREEMENT

1. The Israeli and Palestinian delegations will negotiate an agreement on the interim period (the "Interim Agreement").

2. The Interim Agreement shall specify, among other things, the structure of the Council, the number of its members, and the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the Israeli military government and its Civil Administration to the Council. The Interim Agreement shall also specify the Council's executive authority, legislative authority in accordance with Article IX below, and the independent Palestinian judicial organs.

3. The Interim Agreement shall include arrangements, to be implemented upon the inauguration of the Council, for the assumption by the Council of all of the powers and responsibilities transferred previously in accordance with Article VI above.

4. In order to enable the Council to promote economic growth, upon its inauguration, the Council will establish, among other things, a Palestinian Electricity Authority, a Gaza Sea Port Authority, a Palestinian Development Bank, a Palestinian Export Promotion Board, a Palestinian Environmental Authority, a Palestinian Land Authority and a Palestinian Water Administration Authority, and any other authorities agreed upon, in accordance with the Interim Agreement that will specify their powers and responsibilities.

5. After the inauguration of the Council, the Civil Administration will be dissolved, and the Israeli military government will be withdrawn.

Article VIII PUBLIC ORDER AND SECURITY

In order to guarantee public order and internal security for the Palestinians of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the Council will establish a strong police force, while Israel will continue to carry the responsibility for defending against external threats, as well as the responsibility for overall security of Israelis for the purpose of safeguarding their internal security and public order.

Article IX LAWS AND MILITARY ORDERS

1. The Council will be empowered to legislate, in accordance with the Interim Agreement, within all authorities transferred to it.

2. Both parties will review jointly laws and military orders presently in force in remaining spheres.

Article X JOINT ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN LIAISON COMMITTEE

In order to provide for a smooth implementation of this Declaration of Principles and any subsequent agreements pertaining to the interim period, upon the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles, a Joint Israeli-Palestinian Liaison Committee will be established in order to deal with issues requiring coordination, other issues of common interest, and disputes.

Article XI ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN COOPERATION IN ECONOMIC FIELDS

Recognizing the mutual benefit of cooperation in promoting the development of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip and Israel, upon the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles, an Israeli- Palestinian Economic Cooperation Committee will be established in order to develop and implement in a cooperative manner the programs identified in the protocols attached as Annex III and Annex IV.

Article XII LIAISON AND COOPERATION WITH JORDAN AND EGYPT

The two parties will invite the Governments of Jordan and Egypt to participate in establishing further liaison and cooperation arrangements between the Government of Israel and the Palestinian representatives on one hand, and the Governments of Jordan and Egypt, on the other hand, to promote cooperation between them. These arrangements will include the constitution of a Continuing Committee that will decide by agreement on the modalities of admission of persons displaced from the West Bank and Gaza Strip in 1967, together with necessary measures to prevent disruption and disorder. Other matters of common concern will be dealt with by the Committee.

Article XIII REDEPLOYMENT OF ISRAELI FORCES

1. After the entry into force of this Declaration of Principles, and not later than the eve of elections for the Council, a redeployment of Israeli military forces in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip will take place, in addition to withdrawal of Israeli forces carried out in accordance with Article XIV.

2. In redeploying its military forces, Israel will be guided by the principle that its military forces should be redeployed outside populated areas.

3. Further redeployments to specified location will be gradually implemented commensurate with the assumption of responsibility for public order and internal security by the Palestinian police force pursuant to Article VIII above.

Article XIV ISRAELI WITHDRAWAL FROM THE GAZA STRIP AND JERICHO AREA

Israel will withdraw from the Gaza Strip and Jericho area, as detailed in the protocol attached as Annex II.

Article XV RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES

1. Disputes arising out of the application or interpretation of the Declaration of Principles, or any subsequent agreements pertaining to the interim period, shall be resolved by negotiations through the Joint Liaison Committee to be tablished pursuant to Article X above.

2. Disputes which cannot be settled by negotiations may be solved by a mechanism of conciliation to be agreed upon by the parties.

3. The parties may agree to submit to arbitration disputes lating to the interim period, which cannot be settled through reconciliation. To this end, upon the agreement of both parties, the parties will establish an Arbitration Committee.

Article XVI ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN COOPERATION CONCERNING REGIONAL PROGRAMS

Both parties view the multilateral working groups as an appropriate instrument for promoting a "Marshall Plan," the for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, as indicated in the protocol attached as Annex IV.

Article XVII MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

1. This Declaration of Principles will enter into force one month after its signing.

2. All protocols annexed to this Declaration of Principles and Agreed Minutes pertaining thereto shall be regarded as an integral part hereof.