寶螺科

寶螺科

寶螺科(Cypraeidae)種類繁多、數量大。貝殼呈卵圓形或長卵圓形,螺旋部至成體時幾乎消失;殼面平滑而富有光澤,表面鍍有一層琺琅質,花紋色彩豐富。殼口狹長,在殼體背面的中央線上呈縫狀,共長度幾乎等於殼長,兩唇具齒;吻和水管都比較短。外套膜和足都十分發達,一般具有外觸角,生活時外套膜伸展將貝殼包被起來,成體無厴。生活於熱帶和亞熱帶暖海區,從潮間帶至較深的岩礁、珊瑚礁或泥沙海底均有其蹤跡。主要以藻類或珊瑚動物等為食。

物種特徵


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寶螺種類繁多,數量大。從小型到中等大型。貝殼呈卵圓形或長卵圓形,螺旋部在幼體時尚存,至成體時幾乎消失;貝殼堅固,表面光滑或具有突起,富有光澤,狀如瓷。殼面具各種色彩和花紋,極其豐富。殼口狹長,兩唇具齒;成體無厴。富有光澤。成年個體的螺旋部極小,一般埋於體螺層中,殼口狹長,唇緣厚,一般具有齒。無厴。吻和水管都比較短。外套膜和足都十分發達,一般具有外觸角。生活時外套膜伸展將貝殼包被起來。頭部發達呈筒狀而稍詞扁,吻和水管均短,觸角長錐狀,眼位於觸角基部的外側,足部肌肉發達,呈橢圓形,外套膜發達,伸展出后可包被貝殼其上,有各種不同的色彩,並有許多大小不同的乳突起,非常美麗,外套膜除分泌貝殼外,還具有呼吸作用。

棲息環境


生活於熱帶和亞熱帶暖海區,從潮間帶至較深的岩礁、珊瑚礁或泥沙海底均有其蹤跡。種類繁多,完全為海產。滲透在北半球和南半球,最遠達35緯度。大多數物種生活在珊瑚礁附近,水的溫度不得低於15℃(除極少數例外)。在海洋中可以下潛的最大深度為800米。大多數形式都是晝伏夜出,白天隱藏在岩石和珊瑚的裂縫和小洞穴里。

生活習性


寶螺科的動物,行動緩慢,怕強光,白天蟄伏在珊瑚洞穴或岩石下面,黎明或黃昏時外出覓食,是肉食性的種類。大多數種類營自由生活,行動緩慢,據記載,行動快的每分鐘可向前爬行15厘米,慢的向前移動僅約7厘米。當潮水每天有規律的退出后,寶螺類多隱藏到礁石塊下面、洞穴內或藻類叢生的陰暗處。它們是晝伏夜出,每到黃昏夜幕降臨后,它們便爬出來活動,所以,白天很難採到生活的寶螺,但當夜間再到海灘珊瑚礁盤間採集時,便很容易採到生活寶螺。當夜間它們出來活動時,它那絢麗多彩的外套膜,便從殼口出來向兩側伸展覆蓋整個貝殼,同時,外套膜上美麗似花的各式各樣乳突起也伸了出來,其長橢圓形發達的足,也同時從殼口出來,爬行於珊瑚礁盤上或附近的沙灘上,緩緩向前爬行尋覓食物或尋配偶。它們主要以珊瑚動物為食,此外,海綿、有孔蟲和小的甲殼動物等,也是它們獵取食物的對象。進食時,主要依靠一個較窄長的齒舌進行活動。它們還有一個奇特的習性,當四處爬行時,或翹起尾巴,然後又突然放下,這也是一種防禦手段。
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分佈範圍


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寶螺科的動物,是世界熱帶、亞熱帶和暖溫帶海區廣分佈種類,但主要分佈在印度-太平洋暖水區域,熱帶印度洋-西太平洋之間、澳大利亞南部。也有的種類分佈在大西洋沿岸暖水區,如從非洲西岸南端好望角,向北經塞內加爾至西班牙,英國東岸、南岸和地中海沿岸;在墨西哥灣、佛羅里達半島加勒比海、小安的列斯群島,直至巴西沿岸,都有它們的分佈。
在中國沿海發現的寶螺總科142種,是暖水性較強的種類。向北延伸到山東省南部青島的僅有2種。中國大陸沿岸的氣溫是愈向南愈暖,因此,向南隨著溫度的增高,動物種類的分佈也逐漸增多。台灣雖是位居東海,緯度較高,但由於受暖流的影響較大,其生活環境與海南島的南端及西沙群島近似。在海南島南端和西沙群島採到寶螺科的種類,在台灣都能採到,不僅寶螺類是如此,其他熱帶和亞熱帶生活的貝類,在台灣也都有分佈。寶螺總科,在中國海域發現的142種,分佈在大陸沿海的有101種,其中有16種僅見於大陸沿岸,不延伸到台灣和南海諸島。在台灣水域分佈的101種中,有41種可以分佈到大陸沿岸,有22種僅見於台灣近海。
僅分佈在中國近海的有18種,為地方種,其中有9種為新種。中國近海發現的142種,大多數種類,分佈於印度一太平洋區諸島,但有少數種類分佈較廣,可以延伸到美洲太平洋近海,如蛇首眼球貝,貨貝,尖篩目貝,鼴貝,網紋綬貝,扁緣綬貝等分佈到科科島、克利珀屯島、科隆群島以及哥倫比亞的戈爾戈納等美洲近岸。此外,還有厚緣擬貝和細焦掌貝,除分佈於印度一太平洋區外,並延伸到以色列沿岸的地中海。
中國南沙群島地處熱帶,緯度較低,距菲律賓很近,應有不少寶螺類生活在那裡,其種數似應不少於菲律賓,但根據採到的標本和了解到的種數卻少於菲律賓,其原因,還有待研究,可能是地域小影響了食物鏈。

繁殖方式


雌雄異體,產卵季節多在3-7月,卵一般產在珊瑚洞穴,空貝殼及陰暗的地方。母貝產卵后並不離開卵群,仍卧伏在卵群上面刻意保護,直到孵化為止。
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該科種類


寶螺科
序號中文名稱拉丁學名
1.瑪利亞寶螺Annepona mariae mariae
2.百眼寶螺Arestorides argus argus
3.阿列克斯寶螺Austrasiatica alexhuberti alexhuberti
4.德佛閣寶螺Austrasiatica deforgesi deforgesi
5.玉女寶螺Austrasiatica hungerfordi hungerfordi
6.蘭福寶螺Austrasiatica langfordi langfordi
7.櫻井寶螺Austrasiatica sakuraii sakuraii
8.矛頭寶螺Austrocypraea contusa
9.芮氏寶螺Austrocypraea reevei
10.富東尼寶螺Barycypraea fultoni fultoni
11.無齒寶螺Barycypraea teulerei teulerei
12.澳洲大斑寶螺Bistolida brevidentata brevidentata
13.非洲美娘寶螺Bistolida diauges diauges
14.紅海寶螺Bistolida erythraeensis erythraeensis
15.古德寶螺Bistolida goodallii goodallii
16.大熊寶螺Bistolida hirundo hirundo
17.柔熊寶螺Bistolida hirundo rouxi
18.瘦熊寶螺Bistolida kieneri kieneri
19.歐氏寶螺Bistolida owenii owenii
20.塊斑寶螺Bistolida stolida stolida
21.肥熊寶螺Bistolida ursellus ursellus
22.斷帶寶螺Blasicrura interrupta interrupta
23.緞帶寶螺Blasicrura pallidula pallidula
24.山馬氏寶螺Blasicrura summersi summersi
25.叢雲寶螺Chelycypraea testudinaria
26.巴克萊寶螺Contradusta barclayi barclayi
27.黑齒寶螺Contradusta pulchella pulchella
28.瓦氏寶螺Contradusta walkeri walkeri
29.黑眼鹿斑寶螺Cribrarula astaryi astaryi
30.天主教寶螺Cribrarula catholicorum catholicorum
31.豆點寶螺Cribrarula comma comma
32.花鹿寶螺Cribrarula cribraria cribraria
33.矮美人寶螺Cribrarula cumingii compta
34.美人寶螺Cribrarula cumingii cumingi
35.清晰寶螺Cribrarula esontropia cribellum
36.法蘭寶螺Cribrarula esontropia francescoi
37.紅棉寶螺Cribrarula exmouthensis exmouthensis
38.閃爍寶螺Cribrarula fallax fallax
39.加西亞寶螺Cribrarula garciai garciai
40.滿天星寶螺Cribrarula gaskoinii gaskoinii
41.蛇皮寶螺Cribrarula pellisserpentis pellisserpentis
42.絮花寶螺Cribrarula taitae taitae
43.圖利亞拉寶螺Cribrarula toliaraensis
44.亞利桑那寶螺Cypraea alisonae
45.豐滿寶螺Cypraea angustata
46.金環寶螺Cypraea annulus
47.阿拉伯寶螺Cypraea arabica
48.白陷塔寶螺Cypraea armeniaca howelli
49.南太平洋寶螺Cypraea bregeriana
50.小鹿斑寶螺Cypraea cervinetta
51.鹿斑寶螺Cypraea cervus
52.光禿寶螺Cypraea comptonii
53.梅易寶螺Cypraea comptonii mayi
54.印度洋花鹿寶螺Cypraea cribellum
55.甘氏花鹿寶螺Cypraea cribraria ganteri
56.如意寶螺Cypraea cruikshanki
57.扁緣寶螺Cypraea depressa
58.地雷寶螺Cypraea dillwyni
59.山水寶螺Cypraea diluculum
60.瓷白寶螺Cypraea eburnea
61.花枕寶螺Cypraea eglantina
62.模里西斯寶螺Cypraea esontropia
63.咖啡寶螺Cypraea exusta
64.紫端寶螺Cypraea fimbriata
65.富人帝氏寶螺Cypraea friendii friendii
66.眼斑寶螺Cypraea ocellata
67.花豹寶螺Cypraea pantherina
68.酒桶寶螺Cypraea talpa
69.黑星寶螺Cypraea tigris
70.斑馬寶螺Cypraea zebra
71.棉袍寶螺Cypraeovula alfredensis alfredensis
72.南非寶螺Cypraeovula algoensis algoensis
73.老皺寶螺Cypraeovula amphithales amphithales
74.開普敦寶螺Cypraeovula capensis capensis
75.老栗寶螺Cypraeovula castanea castanea
76.高亨寶螺Cypraeovula cohenae
77.老粗寶螺Cypraeovula colligata colligata
78.癩痢寶螺Cypraeovula connelli connelli
79.皮痢寶螺Cypraeovula connelli peelae
80.黑雲寶螺Cypraeovula coronata coronata
81.相朴寶螺Cypraeovula cruickshanki cruickshanki
82.小無齒寶螺Cypraeovula edentula edentula
83.排齒寶螺Cypraeovula fuscodentata fuscodentata
84.海兔寶螺Cypraeovula immelmani immelmani
85.蛙肚寶螺Cypraeovula iutsui iutsu
86.科斯勒寶螺Cypraeovula kesslerorum kesslerorum
87.麥克寶螺Cypraeovula mikeharti mikeharti
88.前齒緣寶螺Cypraeovula perdentata
89.所羅門寶螺Eclogavena coxeni coxeni
90.宏凱寶螺Eclogavena dayritiana dani
91.菲律賓寶螺Eclogavena dayritiana dayritiana
92.四眼寶螺Eclogavena quadrimaculata quadrimaculata
93.紅樓台寶螺Erosaria acicularis acicularis
94.中美洲寶螺Erosaria albuginosa albuginosa
95.貝氏寶螺Erosaria beckii beckii
96.百花寶螺Erosaria bellatrix
97.貝勒寶螺Erosaria bernardi bernardi
98.玻芬寶螺Erosaria boivinii boivinii
99.淡黃寶螺Erosaria cernica cernica
100.橘紅寶螺Erosaria citrina citrina
101.神父寶螺Erosaria englerti englerti
102.腰斑寶螺Erosaria erosa erosa
103.黃眼斑寶螺Erosaria flaveola
104.普吉寶螺Erosaria gangranosa gangranosa
105.紅花寶螺Erosaria helvola helvola
106.露珠寶螺Erosaria irrorata irrorata
107.金菇寶螺Erosaria kingae
108.梨皮寶螺Erosaria labrolineata labrolineata
109.拉馬克寶螺Erosaria lamarckii lamarckii
110.以色列寶螺Erosaria macandrewi macandrewi
111.紫緣寶螺Erosaria marginalis marginalis
112.初雪寶螺Erosaria miliaris miliaris
113.對斑寶螺Erosaria nebrites nebrites
114.桃花寶螺Erosaria ostergaardi ostergaardi
115.飛馬寶螺Erosaria philmarti
116.紫花寶螺Erosaria poraria poraria
117.加勒比海寶螺Erosaria spurca acicularis
118.湯瑪氏寶螺Erosaria thomasi thomasi
119.畫眉鳥寶螺Erosaria turdus turdus
120.安吉寶螺Erronea angioyorum angioyorum
121.清齒寶螺Erronea caurica caurica
122.薩摩爾寶螺Erronea caurica samoensis
123.寬口寶螺Erronea cylindrica cylindrica
124.考克斯寶螺Erronea errones coxi
125.愛龍寶螺Erronea errones errones
126.福蘭朵寶螺Erronea fernandoi fernandoi
127.麗妃寶螺Erronea nymphae nymphae
128.瑪瑙寶螺Erronea onyx onyx
129.卵形寶螺Erronea ovum ovum
130.蒼白寶螺Erronea pallida pallida
131.梨果寶螺Erronea pyriformis pyriformis
132.臘寶寶螺Erronea rabaulensis rabaulensis
133.灰綠寶螺Erronea subviridis subviridis
134.凍果寶螺Erronea succincta succincta
135.佛賴寶螺Erronea vredenburgi vredenburgi
136.黃齒寶螺Erronea xanthodon xanthodon
137.長清齒寶螺Erroneaa caurica elongata
138.五帶寶螺Erroneaa caurica quinquefasciata
139.斑愛龍寶螺Erroneaa errones bimaculata
140.金蛹寶螺Ipsa childreni childreni
141.地理寶螺Leporicypraea geographica geographica
142.賴瓦寶螺Leporicypraea geographica rewa
143.高貴寶螺Leporicypraea mappa admirabilis
144.地圖寶螺Leporicypraea mappa mappa
145.玫紅地圖寶螺Leporicypraea mappa rosea
146.王子寶螺Leporicypraea valentia valentia
147.巴西寶螺Luria cinerea brasilensis
148.堅果寶螺Luria cinerea cinerea
149.黑頭雨絲寶螺Luria controversa atriceps
150.可疑雨絲寶螺Luria controversa controversa
151.吉爾雨絲寶螺Luria gilvella gilvella
152.雨絲寶螺Luria isabella isabella
153.大四眼寶螺Luria lurida lurida
154.黑幼齒寶螺Luria pulchra pulchra
155.棋盤寶螺Luria tessellata
156.黃金寶螺Lyncina aurantium aurantium
157.紅牡丹寶螺Lyncina broderipii broderipii
158.索馬利亞紅牡丹寶螺Lyncina broderipii somalica
159.紅海白星寶螺Lyncina camelopardalis camelopardalis
160.紫口寶螺Lyncina carneola carneola
161.黑原寶螺Lyncina kuroharai kuroharai
162.天王寶螺Lyncina leucodon leucodon
163.山貓寶螺Lyncina lynx lynx
164.雲斑寶螺Lyncina nivosa nivosa
165.波塔寶螺Lyncina porteri porteri
166.白肚寶螺Lyncina schilderorum schilderorum
167.厚重寶螺Lyncina sulcidentata sulcidentata
168.金棗寶螺Lyncina ventriculus ventriculus
169.白星寶螺Lyncina vitellus vitellus
170.雙紋斑馬寶螺Macrocypraea zebra dissimilis
171.吉布寶螺Mauritia arabica gibba
172.大阿文寶螺Mauritia arabica immanis
173.亞洲寶螺Mauritia asiatica asiatica
174.黑花枕寶螺Mauritia eglantina niger
175.大花枕寶螺Mauritia histrio histrio
176.胎記寶螺Mauritia maculifera maculifera
177.石胎寶螺Mauritia maculifera scindata
178.龜甲寶螺Mauritia mauritiana mauritiana
179.網目寶螺Mauritia scurra
180.黑綱目寶螺Mauritia scurra mundula
181.胖花貓寶螺Melicerona felina fabula
182.花貓寶螺Melicerona felina felina
183.李氏寶螺Melicerona listeri listeri
184.鉤環寶螺Monetaria annulus appendiculata
185.金線環寶螺Monetaria annulus noumeensis
186.龍頭寶螺Monetaria caputdraconis
187.雪山寶螺Monetaria caputserpentis
188.哈里斯黃寶螺Monetaria moneta harrisi
189.菱形黃寶螺Monetaria moneta rhomboides
190.白礁寶螺Monetaria obvelata nubilis
191.環礁寶螺Monetaria obvelata obvelata
192.黃寶螺Monetariaa moneta
193.雙角老鼠寶螺Muracypraea mus bicornis
194.大老鼠寶螺Muracypraea mus donmoorei
195.黑老鼠寶螺Muracypraea mus mus nigrita
196.栗子寶螺Neobernaya spadicea spadicea
197.石紋寶螺Nesiocypraea aenigma aenigma
198.李姒寶螺Nesiocypraea lisetae lisetae
199.中途島寶螺Nesiocypraea midwayensis midwayensis
200.寺町寶螺Nesiocypraea teramachii teramachii
201.小船寶螺Notadusta fusula
202.芝麻寶螺Notadusta punctata punctata
203.光芒寶螺Notadusta punctata radiosa
204.三帶寶螺Notadusta punctata trizonata
205.葡萄寶螺Notadusta punctata uvula
206.鋸齒芝麻寶螺Notadusta serrata
207.棗形芝麻寶螺Notadusta zyzypha
208.胡椒寶螺Notocypraea piperita piperita
209.疹斑寶螺Notocypraea pulicaria pulicaria
210.大疙瘩寶螺Nucleolaria granulata granulata
211.疙瘩寶螺Nucleolaria nucleus
212.中華寶螺Ovatipsa chinensis chinensis
213.科羅巴寶螺Ovatipsa coloba coloba
214.壽司寶螺Palmadusta artuffeli artuffeli
215.浮標寶螺Palmadusta asellus asellus
216.雙帶寶螺Palmadusta asellus bitaeniata
217.銀絲寶螺Palmadusta clandestina clandestina
218.黑潮寶螺Palmadusta contaminata contaminata
219.清山水寶螺Palmadusta diluculum virginalis
220.七星麻臉寶螺Palmadusta humphreysii coccinella
221.休莫夫寶螺Palmadusta humphreysii humphreysii
222.銹斑寶螺Palmadusta lentiginosa lentiginosa
223.雙線寶螺Palmadusta lutea lutea
224.美娘寶螺Palmadusta saulae saulae
225.小箭頭寶螺Palmadusta ziczac misella
226.多箭頭寶螺Palmadusta ziczac signata
227.波紋寶螺Palmadusta ziczac undata
228.大箭頭寶螺Palmadusta ziczac vittata
229.箭頭寶螺Palmadusta ziczac ziczac
230.包氏寶螺Palmulacypraea boucheti boucheti
231.郭勝枝寶螺Palmulacypraea katsuae guidoi
232.勝枝寶螺Palmulacypraea katsuae katsuae
233.姑娘寶螺Palmulacypraea musumea musumea
234.金星寶螺Perisserosa guttata guttata
235.蘇利南寶螺Propustularia surinamensis surinamensis
236.巴拿馬寶螺Pseudozonaria aequinoctialis aequinoctialis
237.阿念寶螺Pseudozonaria annettae annettae
238.角緣寶螺Pseudozonaria arabicula arabicula
239.黑點寶螺Pseudozonaria nigropunctata nigropunctata
240.鵪鶉蛋寶螺Pseudozonaria robertsi robertsi
241.巴伯寶螺Purpuradusta barbieri barbieri
242.德班寶螺Purpuradusta fimbriata durbanensis
243.紫端寶螺Purpuradusta fimbriata fimbriata
244.馬葵寶螺Purpuradusta fimbriata marquesana
245.小眼寶螺Purpuradusta gracilis gracilis
246.哈蒙寶螺Purpuradusta hammondae hammondae
247.鼠齒寶螺Purpuradusta microdon microdon
248.小酸棗寶螺Purpuradusta oryzaeformis oryzaeformis
249.瑟魯寶螺Purpuradusta serrulifera serrulifera
250.花珠寶螺Pustularia bistrinotata bistrinotata
251.磯嶺寶螺Pustularia bistrinotata keelingensis
252.平庸寶螺Pustularia bistrinotata mediocris
253.查氏寶螺Pustularia chiapponii chiapponii
254.綉珠寶螺Pustularia cicercula cicercula
255.金珠寶螺Pustularia globulus globulus
256.真珠寶螺Pustularia margarita margarita
257.毛利寶螺Pustularia mauiensis mauiensis
258.西非瑪瑙寶螺Schilderia achatidea achatidea
259.歧見瑪瑙寶螺Schilderia achatidea inopinata
260.平瀨寶螺Schilderia hirasei hirasei
261.雞皮寶螺Staphylaea limacina
262.俏皮寶螺Staphylaea limacina facifer
263.厚皮寶螺Staphylaea limacina interstincta
264.小鯊皮寶螺Staphylaea semiplota semiplota
265.羅蘭寶螺Staphylaea staphylaea nolani
266.鯊皮寶螺Staphylaea staphylaea staphylaea
267.柏氏寶螺Talostolida latior burgessi
268.酒糟寶螺Talostolida latior latior
269.呆綬貝Talostolida pellucens pellucens
270.偽痣寶螺Talostolida pseudoteres pseudoteres
271.夏威夷寶螺Talostolida rashleighana rashleighana
272.突尾寶螺Talostolida subteres subteres
273.黑痣寶螺Talostolida teres teres
274.帝王酒桶寶螺Talparia talpa imperialis
275.大花鼠寶螺Trona stercoraria stercoraria
276.金龜車寶螺Umbilia armeniaca
277.卡利寶螺Umbilia capricornica capricornica
278.陷塔寶螺Umbilia hesitata hesitata
279.奧娣寶螺Umbilia oriettae oriettae
280.胖鴨寶螺Umbilia petilirostris petilirostris
281.龜背寶螺Zoila decipiens decipiens
282.金字塔寶螺Zoila decipiens perlae
283.深海富人帝氏寶螺Zoila friendii profundicola
284.念珠佛可寶螺Zoila friendii vercoi candida
285.珍妮寶螺Zoila jeaniana
286.凱蒂寶螺Zoila ketyana ketyana
287.白獵帽寶螺Zoila marginata albanyensis
288.獵帽寶螺Zoila marginata marginata
289.馬尼拉寶螺Zoila mariellae mariellae
290.東方寶螺Zoila orientalis orientalis
291.精緻寶螺Zoila perlae delicatura
292.遺漏寶螺Zoila perlae eludens
293.玫瑰寶螺Zoila rosselli rosselli
294.鯊魚灣寶螺Zoila rosselli satiata
295.白檀寶螺Zoila thersites contraria
296.黑檀寶螺Zoila thersites thersites
297.真優美寶螺Zoila venusta episema
298.索棱寶螺Zoila venusta episema sorrentensis
299.瑰色優美寶螺Zoila venusta roseopunctata
300.柴契爾寶螺Zoila venusta thatcheri
301.優美寶螺Zoila venusta venusta
302.安祺寶螺Zonaria angelicae angelicae
303.西非寶螺Zonaria petitiana petitiana
304.彩繪寶螺Zonaria picta picta
305.紅唇寶螺Zonaria pyrum pyrum
306.血跡寶螺Zonaria sanguinolenta sanguinolenta
307.寬頻寶螺Zonaria zonaria

實用價值


寶螺集食用、玩賞和裝飾為一身,深得人類喜愛。其中最出色的當屬黑星寶螺,這種軟體動物分佈十分廣泛,在太平洋、菲律賓、日本和中國的南海及熱帶海區都有蹤跡。因為上面布滿了黑色斑點,酷似美洲虎的斑紋,所以也稱"虎皮斑紋貝"。其貝殼光澤奪目,令玩賞者愛不釋手,雖然肉可食用,但因其貝殼質優價高,採集者絕不肯將它砸碎食用,而是採到后將它埋於沙內,待它肉體腐爛后洗凈售殼。
寶貝中還有一種為貨貝(Cypraea moneta),也叫黃寶螺,與人類有著密不可分的關係。這種動物的貝殼小型堅固,略呈卵圓形,背部中央高起,兩側堅厚而低平,可用以裝飾和玩賞。歷史上世界各地都曾用它作為貨幣流通使用。中國1981年發行了一套中國古代錢幣郵票,其中第一枚上就有一枚貨貝幣,紀元為公元前十六——十一世紀,可見歷史之久遠。在漢書食貨志上曾詳細的記載有貨幣的五種品級和它所等同的紋銀的價值:"大貝四寸八分以上,直錢二百一十文,二貝為朋;牡貝三寸六分以上,直錢五十文,二貝為朋;幺貝二寸四分以上,直錢三十文,二貝為朋;小貝一寸二分以上,直錢十文,二貝為朋;不成貝寸二分漏度,不得為朋,率枚直錢三文是也"。
黃寶螺貨幣郵票
寶螺科
寶螺科
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