普利策文學獎
約瑟夫·普利策設立的獎項
普利策文學獎不是一個獨立的獎項,而是美國普利策獎眾多分枝中的一個。約瑟夫·普利策在去世前第7年——1904年,立下遺囑,將自己的財產捐獻給美國的哥倫比亞大學,由他們建立一個新聞學院。這筆高達200萬美元的款項中,有四分之一被用來設立獎項,後來這筆錢成為了普利策獎的基金。1917年,該獎的第一屆頒獎儀式舉行,此後每年頒發一次。
普利策文學獎作品
最初普利策只設立了13個獎項,其中文學獎有5個,包括小說類、戲劇類和傳記類等等。但是出於長遠考慮,他決定設立一個監督諮詢委員會,由後者在將來確定獎項的設立、變更等等。幾十年來,這個委員會做出了一些很有突破性的決定,曾先後增設了攝影類和詩類獎項,並打破了“音樂獎的評選範圍僅限於古典音樂領域”的界限。
普利策文學獎的標新立異之處在於它與大眾口味的背道而馳,暢銷的文學作品從不受它的垂青,即便大作家的作品也不例外。
諸如,1941年它就“拋棄”了紅極一時的《喪鐘為誰而鳴》,直到12年後《老人與海》問世時,它才將文學獎授予海明威。同樣如福克納的《八月之光》也有此“待遇”。這種評選使得它經常被置於爭議之中,在一本《美國普利策獎金內幕》的書中就曾提到,1988年曾有近50位作家給媒體寫信,怒稱兩名最受讀者推崇的美國黑人作家從未進入普利策獎的視野,並認為它有種族主義傾向。而且普利策文學獎空缺多屆,迄今已不下10次。
實際上很多優秀的作品還是沒有被普利策文學獎錯過的,其中包括伊迪絲·華頓的《天真時代》(1921年獲獎)、賽珍珠的《大地》(1932年獲獎)、瑪格麗特·米切爾的《飄》(1937年獲獎)、約翰·斯坦貝克的《憤怒的葡萄》(1940年獲獎)、赫爾曼·沃克的《凱恩艦嘩變》(1952年獲獎)、哈珀·李的《殺死一隻知更鳥》(1961年獲獎)、艾麗斯·沃克的《紫色》(1983年獲獎)等等。這些作品都曾在中國出版過。
獲獎類別 | 獲獎名單 |
小說類 Fiction | 2003 Middlesex(中性) by Jeffrey Eugenides |
2002 Empire Falls(帝國的崩塌) by Richard Russo | |
2001 The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier(克萊奇遇記) & Clay by Michael Chabon | |
2000 Interpreter of Maladies(醫生的翻譯員) by Jhumpa Lahiri | |
1999 The Hours(小時) by Michael Cunningham | |
1998 American Pastoral(美國田園)by Philip Roth | |
1997 Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer(馬丁·迪熱思爾:一個美國夢的故事) by Steven Millhauser | |
1996 Independence Day(獨立日) by Richard Ford | |
1995 The Stone Diaries(石頭日記) by Carol Shields | |
1994 The Shipping News(航運新聞) by E. Annie Proulx | |
1993 A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain(一個好的氣味從一個奇怪的山) by Robert Olen Butler | |
1992 A Thousand Acres(一千英畝) by Jane Smiley | |
1991 Rabbit at Rest(兔子安眠) by John Updike | |
1990 The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love(馬博王愛的歌曲) by Oscar Hijuelos | |
1989 Breathing Lessons(呼吸課程) by Anne Tyler | |
1988 Beloved(心愛) by Toni Morrison | |
1987 A Summons to Memphis(傳票孟菲斯) by Peter Taylor | |
1986 Lonesome Dove(寂寞之鴿) by Larry McMurtry | |
1985 Foreign Affairs(外交事務) by Alison Lurie | |
1984 Ironweed(紫苑草) by William Kennedy | |
1983 The Color Purple(紫色姊妹花) by Alice Walker | |
1982 Rabbit Is Rich(兔子很有錢) by John Updike | |
1981 A Confederacy of Dunces(偉人有缺點是愚人的同謀) by John Kennedy Toole | |
1980 The Executioner’s Song(劊子手之歌) by Norman Mailer | |
1979 The Stories of John Cheever(約翰·奇弗的故事)by John Cheever | |
1978 Elbow Room(擁擠的世界) by James Alan McPherson | |
1977 No Award (沒有頒獎,無獲獎作品) | |
1976 Humboldt’s Gifths(洪堡的禮物) by Saul Bellow | |
1975 The Killer Angels(殺手天使) by Michael Shaara | |
1974 No Award (沒有頒獎,無獲獎作品) | |
1973 The Optimist’s Daughter(樂觀主義者的女兒) by Eudora Welty | |
1972 Angle of Repose(靜止的角度) by Wallace Stegner | |
1971 No Award (沒有頒獎,無獲獎作品) | |
1970 Collected Stories(故事集) by Jean Stafford | |
1969 House Made of Dawn(黎明之屋) by N. Scott Momaday | |
1968 The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron | |
1967 The Fixer(牢固) by Bernard Malamud | |
1966 Collected Stories(故事集) by Katherine Anne Porter | |
1965 The Keepers of the House(房子的守護者) by Shirley Ann Grau | |
非小說類 Nonfiction | 2003 A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide( 從地獄的一個問題:美國和年齡的種族屠殺)by Samantha Power |
2002 Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution(帶我回家:伯明翰阿拉巴馬州:戰鬥的高潮民權革命) by Diane McWhorter | |
2001 Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan( 昭和天皇,而且也塑造了人的現代日本)by Herbert P. Bix | |
2000 Embracing Defeat(擁抱失敗) by John W. Dower | |
1999 Annals of the Former World(這個前世界紀錄) by John McPhee | |
1998 Guns, Germs, and Steel( 槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵)by Jared Diamond | |
1997 Ashes to Ashes(灰飛煙滅) by Richard Kluger | |
1996 The Haunted Land(鬧鬼的土地) by Tina Rosenberg | |
1995 The Beak of the Finch(芬奇的嘴部) by Jonathan Weiner | |
1994 Lenin’s Tomb(列寧之墓) by David Remnick | |
1993 Lincoln at Gettysburg(林肯葛底斯堡) by Garry Wills | |
1992 The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power(這個獎:傳奇尋求石油、金錢和權力) by Daniel Yergin | |
1991 The Ants(螞蟻) by Bert Hölldobler and Edward O. Wilson | |
1990 And Their Children After Them(和他們的孩子在後頭) by Dale Maharidge and Michael Williamson | |
1989 A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam( 一個明亮的撒謊:約翰·保羅和美國在越南)by Neil Sheehan | |
1988 The Making of the Atomic Bomb(製作原子彈) by Richard Rhodes | |
1987 Arab and Jew: Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land(阿拉伯人和猶太人:受傷的精神在應許之地) by David K. Shipler | |
1986 Common Ground(共同點) by J. Anthony Lukas | |
傳記類 Biography | 2003 Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson(主人的參議院:多年的約翰遜) by Robert A. Caro |
2002 John Adams(約翰·亞當斯) by David McCullough | |
2001 W.E.B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963(W.E.B.機械化和女性:爭取平等和美國的世紀,1919 - 1963) by David Levering Lewis | |
2000 Véra by Stacy Schiff | |
1999 Lindbergh(林德伯格) by A. Scott Berg | |
1998 Personal History(個人歷史) by Katharine Graham | |
1997 Angela’s Ashes(安琪拉的骨灰) by Frank McCourt | |
1996 God: A Biography(上帝:傳記) by Jack Miles | |
1995 Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life(哈麗特·比徹·斯托:一種生命) by Joan D. Hedrick | |
1994 W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race, 1868-1919( W.E.B.機械化和女性:傳記的一場比賽,1868 - 1919)by David Levering Lewis | |
1993 Truman(杜魯門) by David McCullough | |
歷史類 History | 2003 An Army at Dawn: The War in Africa, 1942-1943(軍隊在黎明的戰爭,在非洲,1942 - 1943) by Rick Atkinson |
2002 The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America(形而上學的俱樂部,一個故事的想法在美國) by Louis Menand | |
2001 Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation(成立兄弟:革命的一代) by Joseph J. Ellis | |
2000 Freedom from Fear(免除恐懼的自由) by David M. Kennedy | |
1999 Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898(高譚市:一個歷史的紐約1898) by Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace | |
1998 Summer for the Gods(眾神之夏) by Edward J. Larson | |
1997 Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution(原始含義:政治和思想使憲法的規定) by Jack N. Rakove | |
1996 William Cooper’s Town( 威廉·庫珀的城鎮)by Alan Taylor | |
1995 No Ordinary Time(一個不平凡的時間) by Doris Kearns Goodwin | |
1994 No Award (沒有獲獎作品) | |
1993 The Radicalism of the American Revolution(美國革命的激進) by Gordon S. Wood | |
1992 The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties( 自由的命運:亞伯拉罕·林肯和民權)by Mark E. Neely Jr. | |
1991 A Midwife’s TaleI(一個助產士的故事) by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich | |
1990 In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines by Stanley Karnow | |
1989 Battle Cry of Freedom(吶喊的自由) by James M. McPherson | |
And Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-63(穿過水:美國在王年,1954 - 63)by Taylor Branch | |
1988 The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846-1976(開展現代美國科學,1846 - 1976)by Robert V. Bruce | |
1987 Voyagers to the West(西部的星際旅客說有著特殊) by Bernard Bailyn | |
1986 The Heavens and the Earth(諸天與地) by Walter A. McDougall | |
戲劇類 Drama | 2003 Anna in the Tropics(安娜在熱帶) by Nilo Cruz |
2002 Topdog/Underdog by Suzan-Lori Parks | |
2001 Proof(證明) by David Auburn | |
2000 Dinner with Friends(友情晚餐) by Donald Margulies | |
1999 Wit(機智) by Margaret Edson | |
1998 How I Learned to Drive(我學會了開車嗎) by Paula Vogel | |
1997 No Award (沒有獲獎作品) | |
1996 Rent(租) by Jonathan Larson | |
1995 The Young Man from Atlanta by Horton Foote | |
1994 Three Tall Women(三個高個子女性) by Edward Albee | |
1993 Angels in America(天使在美國) by Tony Kushner | |
1992 The Kentucky Cycle(在肯塔基州的周期)by Robert Schenkkan | |
1991 Lost in Yonkers(迷失在揚克斯) by Neil Simon | |
1990 The Piano Lesson(鋼琴課) by August Wilson | |
1989 The Heidi Chronicles(海蒂的記載)by Wendy Wasserstein | |
1988 Driving Miss Daisy(為戴茜小姐開車)by Alfred Uhry | |
1987 Fences(柵欄) by August Wilson | |
1986 No Award(沒有獲獎作品) | |
詩歌類 Poetry | 2003 Moy Sand and Gravel(莫伊沙礫) by Paul Muldoon |
2002 Practical Gods(實踐神) by Carl Dennis | |
2001 Different Hours(不同小時) by Stephen Dunn | |
2000 Repair(修復) by C.K. Williams | |
1999 Blizzard of One(暴雪) by Mark Strand | |
1998 Black Zodiac(黑色黃道帶) by Charles Wright | |
1997 Alive Together(一起活著) by Lisel Mueller | |
1996 The Dream of the Unified Front(夢想的統一戰線) by Jorie Graham | |
1995 The Simple Truth(簡單的事實) by Philip Levine | |
1994 Neon Vernacular(彩虹方言) by Yusef Komunyakaa | |
1993 The Wild Iris(野鳶尾) by Louise Gluck | |
1992 Selected Poems(詩選) by James Tate | |
1991 Near Changes(變化附近) by Mona Van Duyn | |
1990 The World Doesn’t End(世界上還沒有結束) by Charles Simic | |
1989 New and Collected Poems(新作與詩集) by Richard Wilbur | |
1988 Partial Accounts(部分賬戶) by William Meredith | |
1987 Thomas and Beulah by Rita Dove | |
1986 The Flying Changez(飛行改變) by Henry Taylor |