id

Id.(idem縮寫) 用在法律英語中，來源於拉丁文，意為as mentioned preciously，通常指前面剛剛使用過的引用。例如，我在文中剛看到了如下一段

the United States can only be held liable “in the same manner and to the same extent as a

private individual under like circumstances.” Id. at 141 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2674）. The FTCA cannot be

read to create new causes of action; it merely accepts liability under circumstances that would bring

private liability into existence. Id.

其中第一個Id.表示引用的位置，第二個表示同上一個引用。