英語發音規則

將國際音標應用在英語的一般情況的歸納

英語發音規則,即將國際音標應用在英語的一般情況的歸納。可供外企、國際商務、導遊等諸多職業人士用作參考。

本詞條以英式公認發音(Received pronunciation)為主線,給出英文拼寫和英語發音之間的對應關係。

重讀音節


開閉音節讀音

母音字母重讀開音節和閉音節中的讀音
a
• ①在開音節中/eɪ/name,plane,Jane,baby,cake
• ②在閉音節中
• 1一般讀作/æ/bag,dad,hat,map,black,back
• 2後面字為st,ss,th時讀/ɑ:/
e
• ①在開音節中/i:/he,these,me,Chinese
• ②在閉音節中/e/bed,let,pen,desk,yes,egg
i
• ①在開音節中/aɪ/bike,drive,time,nice,kite
• ②在閉音節中/ɪ/fish,big,drink,sit,milk,swim
o
• ①在開音節中/əʊ/those,close,go,hoe,home,no
• ②在閉音節中/ɒ/clock,not,box,shop,sock
u
• ①在開音節中 1./ju:/student,excuse,duty,Tuesday 2.母音字母u在輔音字母j、l、r或字母組合ch、sh、trdr後面時(輔音字母發音為[ʃ]、[ʒ]、[tʃ]、[dʒ]、[l]、[r]、[tr]、[dr]),讀/u:/,例如:June,blue,ruler,true。
• ②在閉音節中/ʌ/bus,cup,jump,much,lunch

特殊讀音

母音字母在重讀音節中的特殊讀音
a
• ①在/w/音後面/ɒ/want,what,watch,wash,quality
• ②在f,n,sk,ph,sp,ss,st,th,lm前/α:/after,plant,ask,grasp,glass,fast,father
i
• 在-nd,-ld和gh前/aɪ/find,child,light,high
o
• ①在-st,-ld前/əʊ/most,postcard,old,cold
• ②在m,n,v,th前/ʌ/come,monkey,love,mother

r音節

-r音節母音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
ar
• ①/α:/car,farm,dark,sharpener
• ②在/w/音後面/ɔ:/warm,quarter,towards
or
• ①/ɔ:/forty morning short
• ②/ɜ:/word worker worse
er,ir,ur
• /ɜ:/certainly bird Thursday
註:①輔音字母r雙寫時,前面的母音字母不能與r構成-r音節,而是按重讀閉音節的拼讀規則發音。例如:carry,sorry,hurry。②-r音節在非重讀音節中通常讀/ə/音,例如:dollar,teacher,martyr,forget,Saturday。

re音節

-re音節母音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
are
• /eə/care,dare,hare
ere
• /ɪə/here,mere
ire
• /aɪə/fire,hire,wire
ore
• /ɔ:/more,score,before
ure
• /jʊə/pure,cure
-re
• /ə/centre,fibre,titre,meagre,saltpetre
• ①are,ere,ire,ore很少出現在非重讀音節中,ure在非重讀音節中讀/ə/音,例如:picture,pleasure。
• ②重讀母音字母加r,再加非重讀元字組時,重讀母音字母應按-re音節拼讀規則拼讀,字母r讀/r/音。例如:parent,zero,story,during,inspiring。
• ③另外,某些常用詞及多音節詞經常出現長音短化現象。例如:orange,very,American,paragraph。

母音字組

母音字組在重讀音節中的讀音
ai,ay
• /eɪ/afraid,rain,wait,day,play
air
• /eə/air,hair,chair,pair,repair
al
• ①在l,k前/ɔ:/small,ball,talk,wall,all,talk,
• ②/ɔ:l/always,also,salt,almost
• ③在f,m前/α:/half,calm
au,aw
• /ɔ:/autumn,daughter,draw
ea
• ①/i:/teach,easy,cheap,please
• ②/e/heavy,bread,sweater,weather
• ③/eɪ/break,great
ear
• ①/ɪə/hear,dear,near,clear,year
• ②/eə/bear,pear,wear,swear
• ③/ɜ:/earth,learn,early
ee
• /i:/jeep,week,green,three
eer
• /ɪə/pioneer,deer,beer
ei,ey
• ①/eɪ/eight,neighbour,they
• ②/i:/seize,key
eu,ew
• ①在j,l,r,s后/u:/ flew,brew,jewelry,jewel
• ②/ju:/ new,few,newspaper
ie,ei
• /s/音之後/i:/piece,field,receive
oa
• /əʊ/coat,Joan,boat,goal
oar,oor
• /ɔ:/roar,board,door,floor
oi,oy
• /ɔɪ/noise,point,boy,toilet
oo
• /u:/broom,food,tooth,school,zoo
• /ʊ/book,look,cook,foot,good, football
ou,ow
• ①/aʊ/flower,house,count,down
• ②/əʊ/know,row,throw,though
• ③/ʌ/young,country,enough
• ④/u:/group,soup
our
• ①/ɔ:/ course,your,four
• ②/aʊə/our,hour,sour
• ③/ɜ:/journey
oul
• /ʊ/would,should,could(主要是情態動詞、助動詞)
ui
• ①在j,l,r,s后/u:ɪ/fluid,suicide,tuition
• ②/u:/juice,fruit,suit

非重讀音節


母音字母

母音字母在非重讀音節中的讀音
a
• /ə/China,another,woman,breakfast
• 動詞中的a如果處在開音節位置,作動詞後綴音,a讀/eɪ/音,例如:operate,a處在開音節位置,
e
• /ə/hundred,student,open,weekend,chicken,children
i
• ①/ə/holiday,beautiful,family,animal
• ②/aɪ/exercise,satellite
o
• ①/ə/second,tonight,somebody,welcome
• ②/əʊ/also,zero,photo
u
• ①/ə/autumn,difficult
• ②/ju:/popular,congratulation,January
• ③在輔音字母j,l,r,s後面時,讀/ʊ/或/u:/音,例如:July,influence,February,issue。
• 在非重讀音節中,許多單詞中的母音字母a,e,i既可以讀/ə/的音,也可以讀/ɪ/的音。

母音字組

非重讀音節中母音字組和字群的讀音
ai,ay,ei,ey
• /ɪ/foreign,monkey
ow
• /əʊ/yellow,sparrow,tomorrow
• 註:母音字組在非重讀音節中通常讀/ə/音或/ɪ/音。例如:serious,famous,biscuit,coffee,neighbour
-sion,-tion
• ①/ʃən/impression,nation
• ②在母音字母后/ʒən/vision,decision,occasion
• ③在s后/tʃən/question,suggestion
-isle
• /aɪl/aisle, Carlisle
-sten
• /sən/listen
-stle
• /sl/whistle
-sure
• /ʒə/pleasure,measure
-ture
• /tʃə/picture,culture

複合詞

元字組在複合詞非重讀音節中的讀音
• 複合詞中的第二部分不標註重音符號,但其中的母音字母或母音字組仍按重讀音節拼讀規則拼讀。例如:everyday/eɪ/,handbag/æ/,blackboard/ɔ:/。有些詞隨著語言的發展,前後兩部分已失去其單獨存在的意義,融合成為一個詞。其中的非重讀部分要按非重讀音節的讀音規則發音。例如:holy(神聖)+day/eɪ/(日子)=holiday/ɪ/(假日):break(中斷)+fast/α:/(齋戒)=breakfast/ə/(早餐);cup(茶杯)+board/ɔ:/(木板)=cupboard/ə/(碗櫃)。

輔字組讀音


b
• ①/b/ bike,bus,bag
• ②/不發/bomb,tomb
c
• ①在e前或在i,y前/s/face,decide,cinema,bicycle
• ②其他情況/k/cake,picture,coat,music
• ③/tʃ/cello、concerto
ch
• ①/tʃ/much,chick,rich,teacher
• ②/k/school,headache,chemistry(主要為希臘外來詞)
• ③/ʃ/machine,moustache(主要是法語外來詞)
-ck/cq
[k]cock,pocket,black,knock,checque,
cz
• [tʃ] Czech
d
• /d/doctor,bread,hand,day
-dg(e)
• /dʒ/bridge,fridge
dr-
• /dr/children,driver,drink
ds
• /dz/hands(主要用於可數名詞複數)
f
• /f/five,four,breakfast
• /v/of
g
• ①/g/bag,garden,go
• ②在e,i,y之前一般讀作/dʒ/,少數例外,orange,large,German,apology,giant
• ③e,i,y之前少數情況下讀/ʒ/genre,massage
gh
• ①/f/cough,enough
• ②/不發/light,daughter,high
gu-,-gue
• ①/g/guess,league,dialogue(-gue在非重讀音節中)
• ②/gw/language,anguish
h
• ①/h/hot,head,house,hand
• ②/不發/hour,honest
j
• ①/dʒ/jeep,jar,joke,join,June
• ②/ʒ/Jacques(用於法國人名)
• ③/h/Juanita(用於西班牙人名)
k
• /k/kind,bike,skate,make,week
kn-
• /n/knife,know,knock
l
• ①/l/life,lead,lot(出現在母音前面)
• ②/ɫ/milk,school,tall[出現在母音後面。可以出現在輔音前,也可出現在輔音后(詞尾)]
m
• /m/monkey,come
-mn
• /m/autumn,column,solemn
n
• ①/n/not,shine,ten,note
• ②在/k/、/g/音前/ŋ/uncle,thank,hungry
-ng
• /ŋ/morning,young,wrong
p
• /p/paper,plane,pig,ship,pen
ph
• /f/elephant,photo,telephone,graph
q
• /k/Iraq
qu-
• /kw/quality,quite
r
• /r/red,rubber,ruler
rz
• /ʒ/ Zabrze(扎布熱)
s
• ①在詞首、清輔音前/s/sit,sleep,desk
• ②母音字母間或濁輔音前/z/music,husband
• ③sure結構或s+i/e+母音字母時讀作/ʃ/或/ʒ/。/ʃ/:ensure,Asian。/ʒ/:pleasure,conclusion。
sc-
• ①/sk/scarlet
• ②/s/在i,e和y之前scenery,science
sch-
• /ʃ/schedule/英′ʃedju:l,美′skedʒul/
sh
• /ʃ/she,fish,shirt,wash
t
• ①/t/ten,letter,meet
• ②在弱讀字母ia,ie,io前/ʃ/patient,nation
tch
• /tʃ/watch
th
• ①/θ/thin,thirty,method
• ②/ð/the,these,with,than,clothe,father,weather(在冠詞、代詞、介詞、連詞中,以及在詞尾-the,-ther中
tr-
• /tr/tree,train,country,truck
ts,tz
• /ts/Tsingtao(青島),Tientsin(天津),pants(主要用於可數名詞複數)
• quartz,Hertz/英hə:z,美hə:rts/(用於德國人名)
v
• /v/very,voice,love,leave
w
• ①/w/week,win,wake,sweet,wait
• ②/不發/answer,two,sword
wh-
• ①/w/what,when,white,why
• ②在字母o前/h/who,whose,whole
wr-
• /r/write
x
• ①在重讀母音后/ks/box,text,exercise
• ②ex+重音母音讀/gz/,example,exist,exact
• ③/z/xylophone
y
• /j/yes,yard,yellow,young
z
• ①/z/puzzle,zero,zoo
• ②/ʒ/azure
• ③/ts/pizza Nazi(義大利、德國外來詞)
zh
• /ʒ/ zhoosh