許烺光
許烺光
許烺光（Francis L. K. Hsu, 1909-1999），行為科學家，心理人類學創始人之一，第62屆（1977-1978）美國人類學會主席。繼韋伯、湯恩比之後，少數能夠在大規模文明社會研究比較中，立下一家之言的大師。心理人類學主要創始人，對文化與人格研究的方法論進行了更新與換代，將大規模文明社會研究的知識向前推進了一大步。其理論對於本土心理學的發展、心理文化學的產生，具有深刻的影響。提供了非西方世界的、對人類行為研究的視角，對行為科學研究，有重大參考價值。
1944年
1937年考取中英庚子賠款獎學金，赴英國倫敦經濟學院（London School of Economics）就讀人類學，師從馬林諾夫斯基（Bronislaw Malinowski），與費孝通乃同門師兄弟。
1941年取得博士學位，受費孝通邀請返國任教。1943年林頓（Ralph Linton）邀請赴美訪問，前後擔任哥倫比亞大學講師（1944-1945）、康乃爾大學代理助理教授（1945-1947）。
1947年受聘為西北大學正式助理教授，十年後升為教授，並且擔任人類學系主任二十年（1957-1976）。
1978年西北大學退休，隨即被舊金山大學聘為文化研究中心主任，並且擔任夏威夷大學東西方研究中心（East-West Center）資深研究員。
1982年再度退休，不過仍堅持從事講演以及學術工作。1986年心肌梗塞，還持續論文寫作，后又兩次中風，不得不停止學術研究。
1999年12月15日病逝於舊金山，享年91歲。
演講中，圖中女士為米德
許烺光夫婦與胡適在紐約
1.第62屆（1977-1978）美國人類學會主席
2.美國西北大學榮譽教授
3.第12屆（1978）中央研究院院士
1.《家庭比較研究期刊》（Journal of Comparative Family Studies）副編輯
2.《社會精神學刊》（Journal of Social Psychiatry）國際理事會顧問
著作
中國人與美國人
編著與合著
1943《中國西南新工業中的勞工與勞工關係》Labor and Labor Relations in the New Industries of Southwest China, editor. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations (45 pages).
1945《昆廠勞工》China Enters the Machine Age, by Kuo-heng Shih(史國衡).Co-editor with Hsiao-tung Fei(費孝通). Cambridge, Massachusetts：Harvard University Press(206 pages).
1954《文化與人格的面向》Aspects of Culture and Personality, editor. A symposium with the collaboration of twenty-seven scholars in the fields of anthropology, sociology, psychology, psychoanalysis and psychiatry. New York: Abelard-Schuman, Inc. (305pages)
1961《心理人類學：研究文化與人格的途徑》Psychological Anthropology：Approaches to Culture and Personality, editor and contributor. Homwood, Illinois: Dorsey Press (507 pages).
1971《親屬關係與文化》Kinship and Culture, editor and contributor. Results of a symposium on Hsu’s Dominant Dyad Hypothesis. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Co. (510 pages).
1979《移山：中國文化變遷》Moving a Mountain: Culture Change in China, contributor and editor, with Godwin C. Chu(朱謙) Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press (446 pages).
1983《中國新社會結構》China’s New Social Fabric. Co-editor with Godwin C.Chu(朱謙).London: Routledge and Kegan Paul (293 pages).
1985《文化與自我：亞洲人與西方人的視角》Culture and Self: Asian and Western Perspectives. Co-editor and contributor, with Anthony Marsella and George DeVos.London and New York: Tavistock Publications (321 pages).
1985《海外華人對家庭、親屬關係及種族之認同》Family, Kinship and Ethnic Identity Among the Overseas Chinese. Co-editor with Hendrick Serrie. Special Issue of Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Vol.XVI, No.2, Summer (292 pages)
收錄在他人著作中的文章
1939<一個精神疾病個案簡報：北平警方協助的案例>“A Brief Report on the Police Cooperation in Connection with Mental Cases in Peiping,” in Social and Psychological Studies in Neuropsychiatry in China, edited by R.S. Lyman et a1. Published for the Division of Neuropsychiatry, Peking Union Medical College, by Henri Vetch, Peking China.
1948<變化中的中國家庭>“The Changing Chinese Family, ” The Family, ItsFunction and Destiny, edited by Ruth N. Ashen, New York: Harper Bros, pp.123-145.
1949<中國>“China”in Most of the World, edited by Ralph Linton. New York：Columbia University Press, pp.731-813.
1954<文化因素>“Cultural Factors,” in Harold Williamson and John Buttrick, editors, Economic Development: Principles and Patterns. New York: Prentice-Hall.pp.318-364.
1955<一個中國小城流行之霍亂的疫情>“A Cholera Epidemic in a Chinese Town, ” in Health, Culture and Community, edited by Benjamin D.Paul. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. pp.135-154.
1961<人類學科學>“Anthropological Sciences, ”in Sciences in Communist China, edited by Sidney H.Gould, Publication No.68 of AAAS. Washington, DC., pp.129-160.
1963<中國社會流動>“Social Mobility in China”(1949), reprinted as<趨勢下流勤模式>“Patterns of Downward Mobility, ” in The Chinese Civil Service：Career Open to Talent?, edited by Johannan M.Menzel, Problems in Asian Civilizations Series. Boston: D.C. Heath and Co., pp.4l-48.
1963<文化模式與青少年行為>“Culture Patterns and Adolescent Behavior,” reprinted in Studies in Adolescence, edited by Robert E. Grinder. New York：MacMillan Co., pp.59-75.
1964<經由跨學科合作達到文明比較研究的目的>“On Behalf of Comparative Civilizations through Intellectual Cooperation between Disciplines, ” in Approaches to Asian Civilization, edited by William Theodore de Bary and Ainslie T. Embree. New York: Columbia University Press, pp.208-218.
1965<抑制與壓抑：對四種文化的心理學闡釋>“Suppression Versus Repression: A Limited Psychological Interpretation of Four Cultures,” in Readings for Introductory Psychology, edited by Richard C.Teeven and Robert C.Birney. New York: Harcourt, Brace&World, pp.494-504. (Reprint of 1949 article.)
1968<傳統形式的中國家庭>“The Family in China: the Classical Form,”in Population in Perspective, edited by Louse B. Young(楊民). New York: Oxford University Press, pp.259-262. (Reprint of“The Changing Chinese Family”article, 1948.)
1968<親屬關係與生活方式之探討>“Kinship and Ways of Life: An Exploration, ” reprinted in Social and Cultural Foundation of Guidance: A Sourcebook, edited by Ester Lloyd. Jone and Norah Rosenau. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, pp.226-258.
1968<‘原始’觀念的再思考>“Rethinking the Concept‘Primitive’,” reprinted in The Concept of Primitive, edited by Ashley Montagu. New York: Free Press. pp.32-63.
1968<祖蔭下：中國的家庭與宗教>“The Ancestors‘Shadow: Family and Religion in China,” in Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology, edited by John Middleton. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., pp.156-174. (Reprint of Chapter 9 of Under the Ancestors’ Shadow, 1948,1967.)
1968<華人親屬關係與華人行為>“Chinese Kinship and Chinese Behavior, ” in Ping-ti Ho(何炳棣)and Tang Tsou, editors, China in Crisis, Vol.1: China’s Heritage and the Communist Political System. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.579-608.
1969<基督教與人類學家>“Christianity and the Anthropologist, ” in Anthropology and Archaeology, edited by M. C. Pradham, R. D. Singh, P. K. Misra, and D. B. Sastry. London: Oxford University Press, pp.203-228. (Reprint of 1967 article.)
1970<中國人與美國人：對比的起源>“Americans and Chinese: The Beginnings of Contrast, ” in The Character of Americans, edited by Michael McGiffert. Homewood. Illinois: The Dorsey Press, pp.157-169. (Reprint of an abridged version of Chapter 3 of the 1953 book.)
1970<有文字文明的研究方法>“Methodology in the Study of Literate Civilizations,” in A Handbook of Method in Cultural Anthropology. New York: Natural History Press, pp.527-536. (Columbia University Press, 1973.)
1971<美國核心價值與國民性>“American Core Value and National Character.” in The Character of Americans, edited by Michael McGiffprt. Homewood, Illinois: The Dorsey Press, pp.231-249. (Reprint of Chapter 7 of Psychological Anthropology, 1961.)
1971<精神病院引進變革>“Introducing Change in a Mental Hospital, ” in Social System Perspectives in Residential Institutions, edited by Howard W. Polsky, Daniel S. Clasater and Carl Goldbert. East Lansing：Michigan State University. pp.151-160. (Reprint of l 960 article.)
1974<文化模式與青少年行為>“Culture Patterns and Adolescent Behavior, ” reprinted in Youth Culture: A Human Development Approach, edited by Hazel V. Kraemer. Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., pp.175-199.
1975<美國核心價值與國民性>“American Core value and National Character, ” in The Nacirema, edited by James P. Spradley and Michael A. Rynkiewich. Boston：Little Brown & Co.,pp.378-394. (Reprint Of Chapter 7 of Psychological Anthropology,1961.)
1976<在美國講授漢語與中國文化的老師>“The Teacher of Chinese Language and Culture in America,” in The Chinese in America edited by Paul K.T. Sih and Leonard B. Allen. Jamaica, New York: Johns’ University Press, pp.99-112.
1977<華北的飲食>“Food and Drink in North China, ” with Vera Y.N. Hsu(董一男), in Food in Chinese Culture：Anthropological and Historical Perspectives, edited by K. C. Chang(張光直). New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.295-316.
1977<前提假設的再思考>“Rethinking Our Premises, ” in Anthropology and Mental Health: Setting“New Course, edited by Joseph Westermeyer, The Hague: Mouton, pp.55-61.
1978<理解之路>“Passage to Understanding,” in The Making of Psychological Anthropology, edited by George Spindler. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp.140-173.
1979<美國家庭根源：由挪亞到現在>“Roots of the American Family: From Noah to Now,” in Kin and Communities: Families in America, edited by Allan Lichtman and Joan Challinor. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp.219-236.
1982<1880年至1980年新機內亞華人之前言>“Foreword” to The Chinese in Papua New Guinea: 1880-1980, by David Y. H. Wu. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, pp.11-16.
1982<中國的新社會結構>“China’s New Social Fabric, ” with Godwin C. Chu(朱謙), Chapter 2 in China and the Nations of the Pacific, edited by Harrison Brown. Boulder, Colorado: westview Press, pp.15-46.
1982<家庭與兒童：都市化或文化?>“Family and Child: Urbanization or Culture?” in The Child and the City: International Symposium, edited by National Institute for Research Advancement and International Pediatric Association. Tokyo: NIRA, pp.5 l-54.
1982<文化變遷：神話及現實>“Culture Change: Myth and Reality,” in R.O.C&U.S.A.: 1911-1981, edited by Tung—shun Sun (孫同勛) and Morris Wei-hsin Tien (田維新).Taipei: The American Studies Association, Academia Sinica (中央研究院), pp.335-348.
1985 <田野工作、文化差異及解釋>“Field Work, Cultural Differences and Interpretation, ” in The Chinese Family., and Its Ritual Behavior (中國家族及其儀式行為) edited by Hsieh Jih.chang (謝繼昌) and Chuang Ying.chang (荘英章).Taipei: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica (中央研究院民族學研究所), pp.19-29.
1986<儒家思想與其受文化支配之表現>“Confucianism and Its Culturally, Determined Manifestations, ” in The Psychocultural Dynamics of the Confucian Family：Past and Present, edited by Walter H. Slote, International Cultural Society of Korea. Seoul, Korea, pp.23-46.
1987<階層、種姓與種姓主義>“Class, Caste and Casteism”, in Paul Hockings(ed.) Dimensions of Social Life, Essays in Honor of David Mandelbaum. Berlin：Mouton de Cruyter, pp.601-615.
1998<儒家思想與比較的內容>“Confucianism and Comparative Context” in Confucianism and the Family edited by, Walter H. Slote, and George A. DeVos, Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press, 1998, pp. 53-71. (Reprint of“Confucianism and Its Culturally, Determined Manifestations”article, 1986.)
論文
1939<警方協助北平精神疾病個案簡報>“A Brief Report on the Police Cooperation in Connection with Mental Cases in Peiping, ” in Social and Psychological Studies in Neuropsychiatry in China, edited by R.S. Lyman et a1. Published for the Division of Neuropsychiatry, Peking Union Medical College, by Henri Vetch, Peking China.
1940<中國新社會精神>“China’s New Social Spirit, ” in ASIA, September,1942, pp.506-509.
1940<華北農村亂倫禁忌之問題>“The Problem of Incest Taboo in a North China Village,” American Anthropologist, January, pp.122-135.
1940<有關中國古代親屬關係與婚姻關係的問題>“Concerning the Question of Matrimonial Categories and Kinship Relationships in Ancient China.” T’ien Hsia Monthly(天下月刊), Vol.XI, Nos.3 and 4, pp.1-37.
1942<親屬稱謂的不同功能>“The Differential Functions of Relationship Terms,” American Anthropologist, Vol.44, No.2, pp.248-256.
1942<社會學中所謂‘典型’的意義>“The Meaning of ‘Typical’ in Sociology,” in Tenth Anniversary volume of Sino-British Foundation, Chungking.
1943<中國家庭人數的神話>“The Myth of Chinese Family Size, ” American Journal of Sociology, March, pp.555-562.
1943<原始社區的工作動機>“Incentives to Work in Primitive Communities, ” American Sociological Review, December, pp.638-642.
l944<今日中國法律執行的若干問題>“Some Problems of Chinese Law in Operation Today,” Far Eastern Quarterly, May, pp.211-221.
1945<中國表兄妹婚姻的觀察報告>“Observations on Cross-Cousin Marriage in China,” American Anthropologist, January, pp.81-103.
1945<現代中國的教育問題>“The Problem of Education in Contemporary China, Publishing Co. (260Pages). Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, Vol.8, No.2, December, pp.82-90.
1945 <西城屠戶的親屬關係與公會組織>“Guild and Kinship Among Butchers in West Town,”(with J.H.Hu), American Sociological Review, June, pp.357-364.
1945<南洋僑民對中國特定省份的影響>“Influence of South Seas Emigration on Certain Chinese Provinces,” Far Eastern Quarterly November. pp.47-59.
1946<近距離檢視中國問題>“A Closer View of China’s Problems, ” Far Eastern Quarterly, November, pp.50-64.
1947<研究關係名稱的技巧>“On a Technique for Studying Relationship Terms,” American Anthropologist, Vol.49, No.4, pp.618-624.
1949<抑制與壓抑：對四種文化的心理學闡釋>“Suppression Versus Repression：A Limited Psychological Interpretation of four Cultures,” Psychiatry, Vol.XII, pp.223-242.
1949<羅夏克測驗顯示出的某些中國人的人格特徵>“Some Aspects of Personality of Chinese as Revealed by the Rorschach Test,”(with Theodora M. Abel), Rorschach Research Exchange and the Journal of Projective Techniques, Vol.XIII, pp.285-301.
1949<中國社會流動>“Social Mobility in China,” American Sociological Review, Vol.XIV, pp.764-771.
195l<夏威夷華人在美國文化中的角色>“The Chinese in Hawaii: Their Role in American Culture, ” Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, Vol.13, No.6, April, pp.243-250.
195l <性犯罪與人格>“Sex Crime and Personality, ” The American Scholar Winter, pp.57-66
1952<人類學或精神病學>“Anthropology or Psychiatry,” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol.8, pp.227-250.
1953<中國>“China” in International Directory of Anthropological Institutions, published by Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Inc., New York, pp.55-57.
1954<文化因素>“Cultural Factors,” in Harold Williamson and John Buttrick, editors, Economic Development: Principles and Patterns. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp.318-364.
1955<一位人類學家對於未來人格研究的看法>“An Anthropologist’s View of the Future of Personality Studies,” Psychiatric Research Reports. No.2, American Psychiatric Association, December, pp.155-168.
1958<禁忌>“Taboo, ” in What’s New, Summer No.206, pp.12-15.
1959<結構、功能、內容與進程>“Structure, Function, Content and Process, ” American Anthropologist, Vol.61, pp.790-850.
1960<巫術研究中被忽略部分>“A Neglected Aspect of Witchcraft Studies, ” Journal of American Folklore, Vol.73, No.287, pp.35-38.
1960<徹底個人主義之省思>“Rugged Individualism Reconsidered.” The Colorado Quarterly, Vol.IX, pp.143-162.
1960<東西文化差異及其對今日世界的意義>“Cultural Differences between East and West and Their Significance for the World Today.” Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies(清華學報), New Series, II, No.1, pp.216-237.
1960<精神病院引進變革>“Introducing Change in a Mental Hospital, ” with Paul C. Agnew, Human Organization, Winter, Vol.19, No.4, pp.195-198.
1961<人類學、社會學與精神病學>“Anthropo-Socio-Psychiatrics, ” Contemporary psychology, Vol.VI, pp.7-8.
1961<文化模式與青少年行為>“Culture Pattern and Adolescent Behavior, ” with Blanche Watrous and Edith Lord, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, Vol.7, pp. 33-53.
1964<‘原始’觀念的再思考>“Rethinking the Concept ‘Primitive’,” Current Anthropology, Vol.5, No.3, pp.169-178.
1965<優勢親屬關係對親屬關係與非親屬關係行為的影響：一個假設>“The Effect Of Dominant Kinship Relationships on Kin and Non.kin Behavior: A Hypothesis, ” American Anthropologist, Vol.67, pp.638-61.
1966<優勢親屬關係與優勢概念>“Dominant Kin Relationships and Dominant Ideas, ” Brief Communication, American Anthropologist,Vol.68, pp.997-1104.
1966<美國與中國：相互隔絕的心理社會因素>“The U.S. and China：Psycho-cultural Factors for Mutual Isolation, ” Northwestern Review, Vol.2, pp.2-110.
1967<基督教與人類學家>“Christianity and the Anthropologist, ” International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol. VIII, pp.1-19.
1969<祖先崇拜信念及其與親屬關係之變異>“Variations in Ancestor Worship Beliefs and Their Relation to Kinship,” with Terrence Tatje, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol.25, pp.153-l 72.
1971<心理社會均衡與“人”：進一步研究心理人類學的概念工具>“Psychological Homeostasis and Jen: Conceptual Tools for Advancing Psychological Anthropology,” American Anthropologist.Vol.73, No.1, pp.23-44.
1972<中日兩國的孝道：兩者之異同與意義>“Filial Piety in Japan and China：Borrowing, Variation, and Significance, ” Journal of Comparative Family Studies(University of Calgary, Canada), Vol. II, No.1, Spring, pp.67-74.
1973<美國人類學的偏見及其影響>“Prejudice and Its Intellectual Effect on American Anthropology: An Ethnographic Report, ”American Anthropologist, Vol.75, No.1, February, pp.1-19.
1973<親屬關係是研究的核心>“Kinship Is the Key, ” The Center Magazine, Vol.VI, No.6.November-December, pp.4-l4.
1974<文化間的了解：真與偽>“Inter-Cultural Understanding: Genuine and spurious, ” Speech delivered at Cubberly Conference, School of Education, Stanford University, June 28, 1973, and published as Occasional Paper Number Five. Evanston, Illinois: The Center for the Teaching Professions, Northwestern University.
1974<親屬關係、心理社會均衡與學習>“Kinship, Psychosocial Homeostasis (PSH)and Learning, ” in Cultural Factors in Learning, and Education, Fifth Symposium on Learning, Western Washington State college, Bellingham, Washington, pp. 163-176.
1975<人類學研究美國人的生活需要跨文化的視角>“The Anthropology of American Life is in Need of the Cross-Cultural cPerspective, ” with Eileen Hsu-Balzer(許儀南), in Reviews in Anthropology.Vol.2, No.1,February,pp.13-24.
1976<大學教授在中國與美國文化中的意義> “The Meaning of the University Teacher in Chinese and American Cultures, ”(中文), in World Today(今日世界).Hong Kong, pp.20-21.
1977<文化間的了解：真與偽>“Intercultural Understanding: Genuine and Spurious, ” reprint of l974 article, in Anthropology and Education Quarterly), November, Vol. VIII, No.4, pp.202-209.
1977<個人實現、社會安定與文化進步>“Individual Fulfillment, Social Stability and Cultural Progress, ” in We, The People：American Character and Social Change, edited by Gordon J. Dordon. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, Chapter 5, pp.95-114.
1977<角色、情感及人類學>“Role, Affect, and Anthropology, ” in American Anthropologist(Guest Editorial), Vol.79, No.4, December pp.805-808.
1978<講授人文科學的藝術>“The Art of Teaching the Human Science,” in Change, Report on Teaching, No.5, Vol.10, No.11, January, pp.6-7.
1979<文化人類學家的文化問題>“The Cultural Problem of the Cultural Anthropologist, ” in American Anthropologist, Vol.8 l, No.3, September, pp.517-532.
1979<中國擴張主義的神話>“The Myth of Chinese Expansionism, ” Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. XIII, Nos.2-4, pp.184-195.
1980<米德與心理人類學>“Margaret Mead and Psychological Anthropology, ” American Anthropologist (In Memoriam, Margaret Mead 1901- 1978), Vol.82, No.2, pp.349-353.
1981<價值及其社會母體>“Values and Their Social Matrix”, Japanese Economics News, January 3, l981 (the Keynote Address at the Second International Conference on Values, in October, 1980, sponsored by the United National University, Tsukuba University and the Leisure Development Center), (in Japanese).Printed in full in International Conference on Values Report, Vol..I, pp.56-77.Tokyo: Diamond Company (in Japanese). Also printed in full in International Conference on Human Values, pp.15-21(in English).Tokyo: Secretariat of the 1980 International Conference on Human Values, c/o The Leisure Development Center, Tokyo.
1981<中國：過去與現在>“China: Past and Present, ”The Creative World (a journal), Kyoto, No.37, January, pp.6-19. (a special lecture sponsored by the Journal in October, 1980.) (In Japanese).
1982<比較方法之重要性及其缺失>“The Comparative Method：Its Importance and Pitfalls, ” in Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology (中國民族學通訊) Taipei, Taiwan, No.1 8, December 25.1982.
1989<機會、偏見與文化差異>“Opportunity, Prejudice and Cultural Differences,” in Journal of Overseas Chinese Studies (海外華人研究), Taipei, Taiwan, pp.1-33.
不含書評
許烺光心理文化學研究會
許烺光心理文化學研究會是由北京大學國際關係學院尚會鵬教授發起的一個學術團體。成立宗旨，在於聯合國內乃至於全世界對許烺光（Francis L. K.Hsu）的心理文化學理論感興趣者，形成一個定期交換意見、討論心得、分享成果的一個團體。
北京大學文化與國家行為研究中心
北京大學文化與國家行為研究中心是在許烺光心理文化學研究會基礎上發展起來的一個從心理文化學視角研究國家行為的學術機構。本中心致力於整合北京大學校內外相關領域專家、學者的力量及學術資源，聯結國內外有關政府部門、企業，努力構建一個跨學科、跨領域的研究平台，最終建成在世界上具有影響力研究人的行為、集團行為、國家行為的學術研究與交流、人才培養及諮詢服務基地。
許烺光研究著作
學界已有不少許烺光研究相關研究成果出版。
1.許烺光研究論叢1《中國人與日本人-社會集團、行為方式和文化心理的比較研究》。
2.許烺光研究論叢2《心理文化學－許烺光學說的研究與應用》。
3.心理文化學堂系列《許烺光的大規模文明社會比較理論研究》。
許烺光生活照
許烺光
