積極人格

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人格personaity一詞，來源於希臘語persona，原指希臘羅馬時代戲劇演員在舞台上扮演角色所帶的假面具，它代表劇中人物的身分，表現人物的某種典型的心理，類似於中國京劇中的臉譜。

積極人格是積極心理學研究的一個重要內容和概念。

提倡研究積極人格特質

積極心理學相信在每一個人的內心深處都存在兩股抗爭的力量：一股力量是消極的，它代表壓抑、侵犯、恐懼、生氣、悲傷、悔恨、貪婪、自卑、怨恨、高傲、妄自尊大、自私和說謊等；另一股力量是積極的，它代表喜悅、快樂、希望、負責任、寧靜、謙遜、寬容、仁慈、慷慨等，這兩股力量誰都可能戰勝誰，關鍵是看個體自身到底是在給哪一股力量不斷注入新的能量，在給哪一股力量創造適宜的生存心理環境。

強調人格形成過程中各因素的交互作用

強調人格形成過程中內在因素、外部行為、社會文化環境等各因素的交互作用

這些因素包括生物遺傳因素、自然物理因素（生態環境、氣候空間、擁擠程度）、社會文化、家庭環境（父母教養方式、家庭結構、家庭氣氛、出生順序等）、學校環境、自我調控等。

強調人的能力和潛力在人格形成過程中的作用

良好的外部環境是人格形成的一個重要來源，要建構良好的外部環境，可以通過發展人的主動積極行為能力。一個人的現實能力（包括人對自己行為的評價能力、指定目標的能力、實現目標的計劃能力等）就被納入人格的建構之中，並且成為影響人格的一個重要力量。

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The VIA Signature Strength Survey is a 240 question survey that has been taken by hundreds of thousands of people. The VIA Signature Strengths Survey measures 24 character strengths that are taken from Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification by Christopher Peterson and Martin E. P. Seligman, Oxford University Press, 2004. The 24 character strengths are listed below. The results page will show you your 5 greatest character strengths.

“VIA特徵優勢調查”是一份面向成千上萬的人們的由240個問題組成的調查。VIA特徵優勢調查測量了從許多種人格優點和品德中選出的24種人格優勢，又成性格優勢（Character Strengths）——成書為由克里斯托弗·彼德遜和馬丁·E.P.·瑟里格曼編寫的、牛津大學出版社2004年出版的一本手冊和分類指南。這24種人格優勢羅列於下，結論那頁會顯示出你的5種最強的人格優勢。

Creativity (originality, ingenuity):

Thinking of novel and productive ways to conceptualize and do things.

創造力（原創性，獨創性）：思索新穎而有價值的方法來產生概念和做事情。

Curiosity (interest, novelty-seeking, openness to experience):

Taking an interest in ongoing experience s afor its own sake; exploring and discovering

好奇心（興趣，尋找新事物，開放式體驗）：對持續的體驗和其內在因緣產生興趣；進行探索和發現。

Open-mindedness (judgment, critical thinking):

Thinking things through and examining them from all sides; weighing all evidence fairly.

頭腦開明（判斷力，批判性思維）：通過全方位測驗來思考事物；公平權衡所有的根據。

Love of learning:

Mastering new skills, topics, and bodies of knowledge, whether on one's own or formally.

愛學習：掌握新的技能、話題以及知識本體，不管是出於自願還是形式要求。

Perspective (wisdom):

Being able to provide wise counsel to others; having ways of looking at the world that make sense to oneself and to other people

洞察力（智慧）：能對他人提出明智的建議；能著眼於對己對人有意義的世界。

Bravery (valor):

Not shrinking from threat, challenge, difficulty, or pain; acting on convictions even if unpopular.

勇敢（勇氣）：不畏威脅、挑戰、困頓或苦痛；依覺悟而行，不論其是否被普遍認同。

Persistence (perseverance, industriousness):

Finishing what one starts; persisting in a course of action in spite of obstacles.

持久（有毅力，刻苦發奮）：做事有始有終；堅持行為方向，不論障礙險阻。

Integrity (authenticity, honesty):

Presenting oneself in a genuine way; taking responsibility for one's feeling and actions

正直（可靠，誠實）：自我表現誠懇；對自己的感覺和行為負責。

Vitality (zest, enthusiasm, vigor, energy):

Approaching life with excitement and energy; feeling alive and activated

有活力（熱情，積極，有魄力，有精力）：使生活充滿激情和能量；感覺活躍、活潑。

Love:

Valuing close relations with others, in particular those in which sharing and caring are reciprocated.

愛：珍愛與他人的親密關係，尤其是那些其中相互分享、相互關照的。

Kindness (generosity, nurturance, care, compassion, altruistic love, “niceness”):

Doing favors and good deeds for others.

善良（慷慨，關懷，關照，同情，無私的愛，“美好的事物”）：為他人幫忙、做好事。

Social intelligence (emotional intelligence, personal intelligence):

Being aware of the motives and feelings of other people and oneself.

社會智商（情緒智商，個人智商）：了解他人以及自己的目的和感覺。

Citizenship (social responsibility, loyalty, teamwork):

Working well as a member of a group or team; being loyal to the group.

公民權（社會責任，忠誠，團隊協作）：作為集體或團隊中的一員好好工作；對集體忠誠。

Fairness:

Treating all people the same according to notions of fairness and justice; not letting personal feelings bias decisions about others.

公正：依照公平和正義的觀念平等對待所有人；不要讓個人感覺誤導對他人的判定。

Leadership:

Encouraging a group of which one is a member to get things done and at the same maintain time good relations within the group.

領導能力：促進集體，使個人在其中作為成員能完成事情並且同時維持良好的集體關係。

Forgiveness and mercy:

Forgiving those who have done wrong; accepting the shortcomings of others; giving people a second chance; not being vengeful

寬恕和仁慈：寬恕做錯事的人；接納他人的短處；給予他人第二次機會；不心懷報復。

Humility / Modesty:

Letting one's accomplishments speak for themselves; not regarding oneself as more special than one is.

謙虛/謙遜：讓人的成績說話；不自大。

Prudence:

Being careful about one's choices; not taking undue risks; not saying or doing things that might later be regretted.

謹慎：細心於自己的選擇；不要冒不當的風險；不說也不做會事後後悔的事。

Self-regulation (self-control):

Regulating what one feels and does; being disciplined; controlling one's appetites and emotions.

自律（自控）：管理自己的感覺和行為；守紀律；控制自己的慾望和情緒。

Appreciation of beauty and excellence (awe, wonder, elevation):

Appreciating beauty, excellence, and/or skilled performance in various domains of life.

欣賞美麗和卓越（敬畏，讚歎，上進）：欣賞美麗、卓越以及/或在生活的不同領域的嫻熟表現。

Gratitude:

Being aware of and thankful of the good things that happen; taking time to express thanks.

感恩：知道並感謝發生的好事情；多多表達謝意。

Hope (optimism, future-mindedness, future orientation):

Expecting the best in the future and working to achieve it.

希望（樂觀，為未來打算，為未來定向）：對將來有最好的展望，並努力實現它。

Humor (playfulness):

Liking to laugh and tease; bringing smiles to other people; seeing the light side.

幽默（愛玩）：喜歡笑，喜歡逗樂；給他人帶來歡笑；看事物的光明面。

Spirituality (religiousness, faith, purpose):

Having coherent beliefs about the higher purpose, the meaning of life, and the meaning of the universe.

精神信仰（虔誠，守信，有追求）：有對更高追求、生活意義以及宇宙意義的信仰。