KFA
KFA
“KFA”工作原理的技術性解釋 How does it work-----UKFA is not a pore blocker. UKFA utilizes two techniques to improve concrete. UKFA physically alters the concrete and also acts on an ionic level.它是如何工作的------ “UKFA”不是孔隙阻隔劑。“UKFA”使用兩種技術來改良水泥品質，即分別在物理和離子層面上對混凝土發生效用。
目錄
成岩材料介紹
1、Reduction of Pore Diameter
Gasses are produced during the hydration process. As the gasses are released they create pores that mark the passage of the gasses through. The still plastic concrete. Carbon Dioxide is normally produced form Portland concrete. Carbon Dioxide must build up a bubble of a certain “critical mass”before it is able to rise to the surface of the concrete. The results in large pores called macro pores.
1、毛細孔直徑減小------ 在水化過程中會產生氣體。氣體在排放時會產生毛細孔，它們表明了氣體通過靜止且具可塑性混凝土的通路。硅酸鹽水泥通常會產生二氧化碳。由於二氧化碳必須形成達到一定“臨界質量”的氣泡后，才能上升到混凝土表面，所以會產生氣泡。
Acetylene is the gas produced in UKFA Portland concrete. This gas is released as soon as it is formed. Resulting in a much smaller gas bubble. And thus smaller pore diameters called micro pores are created. The surface tension of water prevents water from entering micro pores.
使用“UKFA”的硅酸鹽水泥產生的是乙炔。這種氣體一產生后就會被排放出，故只會形成較小的氣泡，和短直徑的微毛細孔。氣孔表面液體的張力則可防止水等液體進入微毛細孔。
Normal concrete contains approximately 70% macro pores an 30% micro pores. UKFA concrete contains approximately 3% macro pores and 97% micro pores.making UKFA concrete far more resistant to water ingress. That is why Engineers refer to UKFA concrete as “artificial rock”.
常規水泥含有約70%粗毛細孔和30%的微毛細孔，而“UKFA”水泥則含有約3%的粗毛細孔和97%的微毛細孔，從而大幅增強了“UKFA”水泥的防水性能。工程師們還因此給“UKFA”水泥冠上了“人造磐石”的稱號。
“UKFA”在水化作用早期時促進了硫鋁酸鈣結晶體的形成。這些結晶體在成長期時性質微弱，不能形成毛細孔。因此它們會偏離，以毛細孔為軸心，順著毛細孔成長。最終在毛細孔外會形成一種結晶體外殼，卻又不會阻礙毛細孔的通風效用。硫鋁酸鈣結晶體不溶解且抗化學性，它們平行生長，看似一束束六邊形的纖維。結晶體之間的縫隙會填補有晶體間的溶液。整包水泥的密度，體積和強度就取決於這種溶液的密度。
2、The Introduction of Electrical Charges—
Ions in the concrete,such as iron an zinc,which would normally be inert,become active. The concrete surface beings to act in a manner similar to an ion-exchange resin. During hy dration, iron is converted from Iron +++,which is a large,show and generally non-reactive particle. To Iron++, which is very small and very active.The result is the concrete takes on a small electrical charge.
2、電負荷效用的引入-------
水泥內部的離子，如鐵和鋅，在通常狀態下是不活動的，而加入“UKFA”后離子會活躍起來。水泥表面會如同離子交換樹脂一樣發生反應。在水化過程中，鐵會由鐵+++轉變為鐵++。鐵+++是大、活動慢且通常不發生反應的微粒，而鐵++卻微小而活躍。這就導致水泥帶上了少量的電荷負載。
Adding any electrolyte, for example an acid. To UKFA results in charged particles(ions) in the concrete migrating to the surface to neutralize the charge. The stronger the attacking or foreign ions,the more active ions in the concrete migrate to the surface. If the aggressive chemical is strong, the concrete surface may etch about 0.5mm to increase the surface area for the reacctions to take palce. The net effect is similar to trying to push the north ends of two magnets together—the stronger you push, the more the magnets push back..
如果加入諸如酸之類的電解質，水泥里的帶電微粒（離子）就會移向表面，與電解質電荷中和。入侵的外來離子越強，水泥內部的離子就會越發活躍的移向表面。如果侵害性化學物質很強，水泥表面可能會腐蝕約0.5mm來增加表面可發生反應的面積。其效果就類似於試圖將兩個磁鐵的北極強推到一起，你推的越用力，磁鐵的反作用力也越大。
If the aggressive chemical changes, other ions in the concrete become active to counteract it and the process begins again.UKFA enhanced concrete is almost organic in nature in that it will react to exclude all non-cementitious chemicals, and just like an animal’s immune system, once the chemical hs been “recognized” and neutralized. The concrete becomes “immune” to further attack from similar chemicals.
如果腐蝕性化學物質變了，水泥內的其它離子就會變得活躍來中和它，上述過程又將重複。“UKFA”加強的水泥，本質幾乎是有機的，因為它會對所有非水泥質的材料產生反應和排斥。這就好像動物的免疫系統，一旦化學物質被“識破”並中和之後，水泥就會產生對類似化學物的“免疫力”。
The gradated solubility of UKFA components allows it to get consequential reactions. Form the 1st through the 4st processes, without delays. These reactions will cintinuous if the dosage of wate is reduced enough, and the mixing of the concrete is done completely.
The four processes include:
1) Dissolution of the cement grain by speeded hydration.
2）Oxidation of the metal containing elements,
3) Colloidation of the free molecules of water, and
4) Stabilization of the gel of the cement paste.
“UKFA”成分的逐步溶解，使得這些反應可以從第一個到第四個依次發生，而沒有任何延誤。如果用水量減少了，這些反應將持續無間斷髮生，而混凝土的混合也會順利完成。
這四個步驟是：
1）加速水泥顆粒的水化，
2）金屬成分的氧化反應，
3）自由水分子的膠質化，
4）水泥漿體內凝膠體的穩定化。
1） Dissolution of the cement grain by speeded hydration.
This is a very important stage where the standard volume of hydration increases in speed ba weakening the molecular tensions of water with positively charged artificial minerals. This reaction results in:
a. Reduction of water needed for the concrete mix by 20%;
b. Maximum concentration of the water solution of Kalmatrion components to achieve low slump with high worability;
c. Retardation of the shrinkage dynamic in the first days;
d. Reliable “raw compation” of the concrete mix;
e. Pumpable concrete mix with a slump of 6cm to 10cm.
1）、加速水泥顆粒的水化。
a.減少用水量20%；
b. “UKFA”成分的水溶解可以達到最大濃度，這樣在實現低坍落度的同時，就還能保證高度的可和易性；
c.第一天的混凝土收縮會被延遲；
d.水泥混合物內的“原料壓實”會順利進行；
e.混凝土混合物的坍落度會維持在2～4英寸，而易於泵送。
When a liquid penetrates the concrete the solution is diluted causing the fiber bundles to swell. And the volume of the package increases. The action constricts the pores. Effeftively reducing their diameter but not blocking them from the atmosphere. The pores are now smaller than the daimeter of a molecule. The reduction of pore diameter produces three simultaneous effects:
當液體滲入時，這些溶液會被沖淡，導致晶體纖維束擴張，水泥包的體積也相應增大。這一反應使得毛細孔收縮，有效縮小其直徑，卻又不至阻礙毛細孔和大氣的暢通。此時毛細孔的直徑會變得小於分子的直徑。毛細孔直徑的減小會同時產生以下三種效用：
1. The artificially small pore diameter is now not much larger than the diameter of a water molecule and produces a kind of molecular sieve or filter that prevents ingress of large molecules such as acids and oils.
2. Reducing pore diameter increases the pressure of the liquids and gasses inside the pores. This produces a positive pressure against the further penetration of gasses. Water and any electrolytes they may carry.
3. Liquids such as water, alkalis, acids, and oil products, are unable to penetrate as their own tension prevents it.
1.人工微毛細孔的直徑會變得比水分子的直徑小，從而形成分子過濾器或分子篩網，進而防止了諸如酸類和油類等大分子的滲透。
2.毛細孔直徑的減小增加了毛孔內液體和氣體的壓力，內部壓強的增加會進一步防止水、氣體，以及它們可能攜帶的任何電解液的滲透。
3.水、鹼金屬、酸和油類產品等液體本身的張力也會阻礙它們的滲透。
This process is a dynamic rather than static one. Which allows the crystals to expand or contract.The pores,although very small are always open to atmosphere. Thus preventing buildup of osmotic pressure within the concrete,which can have catastrophic results.
這一過程不是靜態的，而是動態的。也即是說，結晶體即可以膨脹，也可以收縮。儘管毛細孔很微小，但仍能保證和大氣的暢通，從而防止了水泥內部滲透性壓力的累積，否則將可能導致災難性的後果。
This process will occur with all materials that are not compatible with cement and this includes many common cement modifiers,retarders, and accelerators. The use of foreign cement modifiers with UKFA will result in that chemical being destroyed and rendered useless.
這一反應會針對所有不溶於水泥的物質，其中也包括許多常用的水泥修補劑，緩凝劑和促凝劑。對於滲和了“UKFA”的水泥使用外來修補劑會導致化學物質被破壞且變得無效。
在成批混合和成長階段時，水泥的高導電性會維持45天。與常規水泥的比較數據顯示，含有“UKFA”的水泥在早期具有高50倍導電性。它提供了電鍍化學物質的類似物，具有高水鹽度，因而延長了水凍結時間，避免了用鹽而造成的副作用。這就使得在0℃環境下，使用未加熱的水也變得可行了，而水泥在冰凍氣候和冬季環境下也可發揮出色效用了。
Concrete mix contains a lot of structurally useful minerals, which are not used at all because the active agent is only water. Water is not enough to involve these nierals in the hydration and hardening processes. The combination of the more than 50 chemicals in the UKFA admixtures provide this activity cementitious mixes through a chain reaction of four processes.
混凝土混合物有許多對結構有用的礦物質，但卻不能發揮效用。因為水是唯一活躍的介質，而在水化和固化過程中，並沒有充足的水來溶解這些礦物質。“UKFA”滲和劑含有50種以上化學物質，通過四個過程的一系列反應，它們會使水泥混合物具有活躍性。
3、Oxidation of metal containing elements.
The use of UKFA invoves nagatively changed, artifical minerals,which provide magnetic reorientation of the water molecules and particles of the cement grain. This reorientation, which causes a weakening of their relations, causes rotation with considerable freedom to involve a bigger amount of cement particles in the hydration reaction. Once activated by the additon of water, UKFA causes a chemical chain reaction within the cement grain that results in 100% hydration of the grain.while reduccing the shrinkage an acceleration the overall hydration reaction. UKFA encourages the growth of specific calcium based crystals using waste lime. These crystals are dynamic an are able to react to variations in environmental conditions such as temperature and the persence of electrolytes such as acids and salts. All soluble lime is usually waste in the concrete. UKFA converts lime to useable cementitious compounds. The result is a completely homogeneous mix that is stronger, denser, and more resistant than has ever been posiible before.
The direct benefits include:
a. Up to two times lower heat emissions of the exothermic reaction, beacause that part of the energy is taken for oxidation;
b. Mider porsity in size of development from the depth to the surface of the concrete;
c. 1.5-2 times less shrinkage beacause of the oxidation;
d. Electric conductivity increases becauses of the metal oxidation;
e. UKFA concrete behaves like High Alumina concrete with respect to corrosion resistance, compressive strength, impermeability, and abrasion resitance.
3、金屬成分的氧化反應。
“UKFA”的使用會帶來負電荷的人工礦物質，它會引起水分子和水泥顆粒的磁性再定位。這種再定向會減弱分子、顆粒間的聯繫，並使它們更自由的轉動，從而就會有理大量的水泥顆粒開始水化反應。“UKFA”一旦被加水激活之後，就會在水泥顆粒內部引發一連串化學反應，促使顆粒可以100%的水化，同時還能減少收縮，加速整個水化反應過程。“UKFA”可以促進用廢石灰生成特定的以鈣元素為基礎的結晶體。這些動態結晶體可以針對環境條件的變化（台溫度的變化，酸類、鹽類等電解質的侵害）做出反應。在通常情況下，水泥內的所有可溶解石灰最後都會被廢棄浪費，但“UKFA”會將石灰變成有用的水泥質混合物。這樣，最終形成的混凝土就能保證均質、堅固、高強度、高密度、和最大化的抵抗強度。
直接優勢：
b.由水泥核心至表面的毛細孔生成所佔空間更小，反應也更溫和；
d.金屬氧化反應使得導電性提升；
2） Colloidation of free molecues of water.
By all appearances, this is a thickening of the water or the water-dissolved solutions. Since most of the cement grains are hydrated and the inteporous liquid- vapor is represented ba netual mineralogical cementitious solutions, then:
a. Superficial vapor emissions are lower.
b. Concentration of the solutions on the surface and depth of the concrete body changes almost simultaneously;
c. Osmotic pressure is very loe and that is why “hydrothermal” deformations are not significant;
d. And, the number of porosity, and the types of pores are lower.i.e, ordered porosity.
3）、自由水分子的膠質化。
從表面現象看來，這一過程就是水和水溶解溶液變稠的過程。由於水泥顆粒幾乎被完全水化了，而多孔間的液體蒸發又會導致天然礦物質的水泥質溶解，因此：
a.表面液體的蒸發速度會變緩；
b.混凝土表、里的漿體濃度幾乎同時改變；
c.因為滲透性壓力很低，“發熱液體”的變形也就不那麼明顯了；
d.氣孔的數量和毛細孔的種類較少，也就是說氣孔可以整齊排列。
4、Stabilization of the gel of the cement paste,
Obviously, this is a result of the naturally growing viscosity of solutions in cement paste, Approximate time for this process is measured between 7 days and fourteen months, and is much longer than it takes conventional concrete. The long-tem presence of the stable phase of the gel in the porous system of the concrete body results in:
a. Growing of the micro-structural density.
b. Dynamical growing of the liquid impermeability.
c. Increasing the crystalline containing parts in the concrete body because of the time frame for the gel drying.
d. Stable and slow increasing of the compressive strength.
e. Continuous type of porous syetem which resulted from the oxidation process.
f. Decreases pore’s suction ability because of reduced superficial tensions saturation.
g. Creep of concrete is stable and indicative at the 91-day mark.
4、水泥漿體內凝膠體的穩定化。
顯而易見，這是由於水泥漿體內部溶液的粘性自然增強導致的。這一過程的大致需時可在7天至14天測得，且它的需時要比常規水泥的長。在水泥體多孔系統中，凝膠體穩定化階段的長期存在將引發以下效果：
a.宏觀結構的密度加強；
b.液體非滲透性的動態增強；
c.隨著期限延長，凝膠體會逐漸變干，這樣就擴大了水泥體中含結晶質的部分；
d.抗壓強度會逐步穩定增長；
e.由於氧化過程中形成的氣孔系統會持續不斷；
g.水泥的蠕變會以91天為一界點而穩定又有預示性的持續。
Numerous mineralogcal sediments become the centers of crystallization of cementtitous soution, with thickening of solutions around those centers, like shells, Solutions with lower concentrations reach this phase later, in accordance with gradeted concentrations. The speed of colloidation is slow, and the entire process may take decades. This reaction results in:
a. Homogeneity compation of concrete structures;
b. Considerable compacation of aggregates throughout the concrete body
c. Measurable increase of the macro-structural density by 3%-5%；
d. Early strengthening on the third or seventh day, depending on the mix design;
e. Liquid impermeability is 100% in a viscous interporous media of UKFA concrete;
f. Chemical resistance is the greatly in creased because of the metal film oxide on every particle of the concrete structure,(this is observable by changing of the concrete color, or any detector pulled out form a batch, even by hand);
g. Physical resistance to freeze-thaw cycles an drying/saturation types of corrosions beacause the structure is better compacted and has an ordered porous structure.
大量的礦物質沉澱物都成了水泥溶液的結晶化核心，隨著核心周圍溶液的變稠，形成外殼。依照密度等級不同，密度較低的溶液要較遲才能達到這一階段。膠質化是一個十分緩慢的過程，整個過程的完成可能需要數十年。而這一反應的結果是：
a.水泥結構的均質化；
b.整個水泥體內骨料的高度壓實；
c.可測得宏觀結構的密度增加了3～5%；
d.根據混合配方，在第三天或第七天就有早期強度；
e. “UKFA”水泥的膠粘性多孔間媒介可以100%的防止液體滲透；
f.由於水泥結構中每一個顆粒表面都有一層金屬氧化物薄膜，它們的防護大幅增強了抗化學性，（這一改善可以通過水泥顏色的改變觀察到，也可以將探測器或手伸入水泥堆探查）；
g.因為“UKFA”水泥結構更緊密，氣孔結構更規則，所以水泥對凍結--融解循環和乾燥∕浸潤類腐蝕的物理抗性也就更高了。
Additional benefits from UKFA
l Improved steel protection by 100%.
l Higher build in one pass with less rebound. 5% or less. When spraying UKFA concrete onto a surface.
l Cured concrete resists chemical attack from salt, acids, alkalis, chlorides, carbon, dioxide and petroleum distillates better than any other high-grade concrete design.
l Allows application from -5°C to 40°C without efffecting the set time.
l No bleed water.
l The need for concrete curing menbranes is virtually eliminated.
l Modules of rupture.which is very important for bridges and dams. Is increased by 60%.
l Freeze/thaw resisitance is increased up to 400 cycles or more.
“UKFA”的其他優勢
l 鋼筋防護力優化了100%；
l 將“UKFA”混凝土噴塗於表面后，較高層的建築施工也可一次完成，回彈率降至5%以下；
l 可以在-5℃至40℃環境下施工，而不影響初凝時間；
l 不滲水；
l 完全省去了使用養護性隔膜(劑)的麻煩；
l 模塊絕緣性提升了60%以上，這點對於橋樑和水壩尤其重要；
l 搞冰凍/溶解能力提高400個循環以上