動詞時態
表示動作方式的動詞形式
英語中不同時間和方式發生的動作或狀態要用謂語動詞的不同形式來表示,這種表示動作或狀態發生時間和方式的動詞形式稱作動詞時態。
動詞,就是用來形容或表示各類動作的辭彙。基本上每個完整的句子都有一個動詞,要表示第二個動作時可使用不定詞、動名詞、對等連接詞、從屬連接詞或增加子句等方法連結。而在英語中根據時間和動作的種類,動詞又分為了多種時態。
時間和動作的種類
1.一般現在時(do)
動詞時態
3.一般將來時(will/shall do),(be going to do)
4.一般過去將來時(would/should do),(was/were going to do)
5.現在進行時(be doing)
6.過去進行時(was/were doing)
7.將來進行時(will/shall be doing)
8.過去將來進行時(would/should be doing)
9.現在完成時(have/has done)
10.過去完成時(had done)
11.將來完成時(will/shall have done)
12.過去將來完成時(would/should have done)
13.現在完成進行時(have/has been doing)
14.過去完成進行時(had been doing)
15.將來完成進行時(will/shall have been doing)
16.過去將來完成進行時(would/should have been doing)
其實是英語動詞的時態和體形。時態有現在、過去、將來和過去將來;體形有一般、完成、進行和完成進行。而語態有2種,即主動和被動。以上只是主動,加上被動就更多了。
時態由“時”和“態”構成。“時”主要有4個主要部分,即現在、過去、將來和過去將來;“態”也有4種,即一般、進行、完成和完成進行。將4個“時”和4個“態”組合在一起,就是時態的種類,共16種。在初高中階段,一般不需要掌握表格右下角加註的六種時態。
時 態 | 現在時 | 過去時 | 將來時 | 過去將來時 |
一般 | 一般現在時 do | 一般過去時 did | 一般將來時 ( will do) (be going to do) (shall do) | 一般過去將來時 would do |
進行 | 現在進行時 be doing | 過去進行時 was/were doing | 將來進行時 will be doing | ( would be doing) (was/were going to do) |
完成 | 現在完成時 have done | 過去完成時 had done | ▲將來完成時 will have done | would have done |
完成進行 | have been doing | had been doing | will have been doing | ▲過去將來完成進行時 would have been doing |
1) 經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻率的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語:every……,usually,sometimes, at……
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.,twice a week:我每天早晨7點離開家去學校,一周兩次
2) 客觀事實,普遍真理。
Shanghai lies in the east of China:上海位於中國的東部
3) 表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意:(2)(3)的用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round:哥倫布證明了地球是圓的
4) 現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。
I don't want so much:我不想那麼多
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well:Ann Wang 的英文寫得很好但說得不好
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup:現在我在杯子里放了糖
I am doing my homework now
(含義:我正在做我的家庭作業)
註:用於操作演示或指導說明的示範性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作。再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是進行時的標誌,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以後句用一般現在時。
5﹞主將從現﹝主句用將來時 從句用現在時表將來﹞
① I will tell you,When Li Ming comes
(含義:當李明來的時候我會告訴你)
② I'll e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing
(含義:我一到達北京就發電子郵件給你)
註:一般從句為時間狀語從句「由When As soon as...引導的從句」條件狀語從句「由If...引導的從句」
6)表示按計劃,規定要發生的動作,但僅限於少數動詞
如:begin,come,leave,go等
The meeting begins at seven:會議七點開始
1)在確定的過去時間裡所發生的動作或存在的狀態。
時間狀語有:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。
Where did you go just now
(含義:你剛才去哪裡了?)
2)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。
When I was a kid,I often played football in the street
(含義:當我還是個孩子的時候,我經常在街上踢足球)
Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome
(含義:布朗一家無論什麼時候去,都受到熱烈的歡迎)
3)句型:
It is time for sb. to do sth "到某人做某事時間了" "某人該……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "時間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for you to go to bed:你該睡覺了
It is time you went to bed:你早該睡覺了
would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'寧願某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow
(含義:我寧願你明天來)
4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等。
I thought you might want some
(含義:我以為你想要一些)
比較:
一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去,現已不復存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life
(含義:她已不在人間。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life
(含義:她現在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.
(含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)
注意:用過去時表示現在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。
Did you want anything else:你還有什麼事嗎?
I wondered if you could help me:不知你能不能幫我個忙
2)情態動詞could,would.
Could you lend me your bike:你能借給我你的自行車?
11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:"過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful:媽媽過去不是這樣健忘
Scarf used to take a walk. (過去常常散步)
be used to + doing:對……已感到習慣,或"習慣於",to是介詞,后需加名詞或動名詞。
He is used to a vegetarian diet:他習慣於素食
Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現在習慣於散步)
典型例題
---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
---- It's 69568442.
A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案(A):本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去,因此應用過去時
1) shall用於第一人稱,常被will 所代替。
will 在陳述句中用於各人稱,在徵求意見時常用於第二人稱。
Which paragraph shall I read first:我應該先讀哪一段?
Will you be at home at seven this evening:你今晚七點在家嗎?
2) be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a.主語的意圖,即將做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow:你打算明天幹什麼?
b. 計劃,安排要發生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month:該活動在下個月舉行
c. 有跡象要發生的事
Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm:看那些烏雲,暴風雨就要來了
3) be +不定式表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday:我們下星期六將討論這份報告
4) be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing:他要去北京
注意:be about to 不能與tomorrow,next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。
be going to / will
用於條件句時, be going to 表將來
will 表意願
If you are going to make a journey,you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
如果你要去旅行,你最好儘快準備好
Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
現在如果你願意脫下你的衣服,我們將在鏡子前為你穿上新衣服
be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)
明天下午我要去踢足球
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)
一般現在時表將來
1)下列動詞:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現在時表將來。這主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning:火車明天上午六點開
—When does the bus star? 汽車什麼時候開?
—It stars in ten minutes. 十分鐘后
2)倒裝句,表示動作正在進行,如:
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.
3)在時間或條件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me:當比爾來了,讓他等我
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there:當我到達那裡時,我會寫信給你
4)在動詞hope,take care that,make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week:我希望他們下星期玩得愉快
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room:在離開房間前要確保窗子都關閉
用現在進行時表示將來
意為:"意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用於人。常用詞為 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay等。
I'm leaving tomorrow:我明天就要走了
Are you staying here till next week:你要在這兒呆到下星期
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的確和現在有聯繫。動作或狀態發生在過去 但它的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成:have (has) +過去分詞。
比較過去時與現在完成時
1)過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的,強調過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2)過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday,last week,…ago,in1980,in October,just now,具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning,tonight,this April,now,once,before,already,recently,lately
現在完成時的時間狀語
for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet, till / until,up to now,in past years,always,
不確定的時間狀語
3)現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live,teach,learn,work,study,know.
過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。
舉例:
I saw this film yesterday:我昨天看了這部電影
(強調看的動作發生過了。)
I have seen this film:我已經看過這部電影
(強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了。)
Why did you get up so early
(強調起床的動作已發生過了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper
(強調有卷子,可能為不公平競爭。)
She has returned from Paris:她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday:她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years:他在團中已經三年
(在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years:他連續三年被一個團內的成員
(是團員的狀態可持續)
He joined the League three years ago:他三年前入團
( 三年前入團,joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.
---Will somebody go and get Dr. White
---He's already been sent for.
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如 yes terday,last,week,in 1960)時,不能使用現在完成時,要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.
用於現在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time…. that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.
It was the third time that the boy had been late.
2)This is the… that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時.
This is the best film that I've (ever) seen.
這是我看過的最好的電影。
This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
典型例題
(1) ---Do you know our town at all?
---No,this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the first time 後面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。
(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before
---No,it's the first time I ___ here.
A. even,come B. even,have come C. ever,come D. ever,have come
答案D. ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用於完成時。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,從句要用完成時。
注意:非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
(錯)I have received his letter for a month.
(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.
since和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續時間長度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years:我已經在這兒住了二十多年了
I have lived here since I was born:我從出生就住在這裡
My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949:我的阿姨自1949以來在診所工作
Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976:一些新的油田自1976年已開放
I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl:我從小李是個小女孩時就認識她
My brother has been in the Youth League for two years:我的哥哥入團已經兩年了
I have not heard from my uncle for a long time:我已經很長時間沒有收到我叔叔的來信了
注意:並非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years.
(我現在已不在這裡工作。)
I have worked here for many years.
(現在我仍在這裡工作。)
小竅門:當現在完成時+一段時間,這一結構中,我們用下面的公式轉化,很容易就能排除非延續性動詞在完成時中的誤使。
1) (對) Tom has studied Russian for three years.
= Tom began to study Russian thre e years ago,and is still studying it now.
2) (錯) Harry has got married for six years.
= Harry began to get married six years ago,and is still getting married now.
顯然,第二句不對,它應改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
1) since +過去一個時間點 (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980,last month,half past six)。
I have been here since 1989
2) since +一段時間+ ago
I have been here since five months ago
3) since +從句
Great changes have taken place since you left
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here
4) It is +一段時間+ since從句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.
延續動詞與瞬間動詞
1) 用於完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷;瞬間動詞表示行為的結 果,不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。
He has completed the work. 他已完成了那項工作。(表結果)
I've known him since then. 我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)
2) 用於till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用於肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動詞用於否定句,表示"到……,才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 點才回來。
He slept till ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10點。
值得注意的是,在till(until)引出的時間狀語從句中,謂語動詞的時態問題較為複雜。till(until)-從句的謂語動詞往往用一般時態來表示。例如:
He does not go to school till(until) the cock crows at nine in the morning.
They will live in Chicago till(until) William finishes his thesis.
She waited till(until) I returned.
英國語言學家倫道夫·夸克教授等人在1972年出版的專著《當代英語語法》(A Grammar of Contemporary English)中認為:till(until)-從句的謂語動詞不能與助動詞shall或will連用。而中國語言學家周海中教授在1987年發表的論文《關於英語中till及until的用法問題》中卻指出:當助動詞shall和will用於till(until)-從句時,它們不是表示將來時間,而是表示情態意義。他用實例說明這種用法:
I won't leave you till you shall be well taken care of. (C. Dickens: Little Dorrit)
Those are as fixed as fate; and my voyage is only now delayed until the weather shall permit my embarkation. (M. Shelley: Frankenstein)
Then the lovely pale-lilac irises will come out in all their showering abundance of tender, proud, spiky bloom, till the air wi11 gleam with mauve, and a new crystalline lightness will be everywhere. (D. Lawrence: Phoenix)
典型例題
1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強調對現在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反覆發生的動作,因此用現在完成時。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh,not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.
A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動作由過去開始,持續到現在,應用現在完成時。
1)概念:表示過去的過去
----|-------|-----|---->其構成是had +過去分詞構成。
那時以前 那時 現在
2)用法
a. 在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動詞后的賓語從句。
She said (that) she had ever been to Paris.
她說她曾去過巴黎
b. 狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在先,用過去完成時;發生在後,用一般過去時。
When the police arrived,the thieves had run away.
當警察趕到時,小偷已經跑了
c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't.
那時我們希望你能來,但是你沒有
3) 過去 完成時的時間狀語before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as。
He said that he had learned some English before.
他說他以前學過一些英語
By the time he was twelve,Edison had began to make a living by himself.
在他十二歲的時候,愛迪生就開始自己謀生了
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
湯姆失望了,大多數客人都當他到達晚會離開
典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A. had written,left B,were writing,has left C. had written,had left D. were writing,had left
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發生在"去取書"這一過去的動作之前,因此"忘了書"這一動作發生在過去的過去,用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點,表示在"同學們正忙於……"這一背景下,when所引導的動作發生。因此
前一句應用過去進行時。
注意: had no … when 還沒等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 剛…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.
一般過去時代替完成時
1) 兩個動作如按順序發生,又不強調先後,或用then,and,but 等連詞時,多用一般過去時。
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.
當她看到老鼠,她尖叫
My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.
我的阿姨給了我一頂帽子,我把它弄丟了
2 ) 兩個動作相繼發生,可用一般過去時;如第一個動作需要若干時間完成,用過去完成時。
When I heard the news,I was very excited.
當我聽到這個消息,我很興奮
3) 敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.
我們的老師告訴我們,哥倫布1492年發現美國
1) 構成will / be going to do sth.
2) 概念
a. 狀態完成:表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。
b. 動作完成:表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經完成的動作或一獲得的經驗。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
他們已經結婚20年之後
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
明天這個時候你已經到達上海
現在進行時的基本用法:
a. 表示現在( 指說話人說話時) 正在發生的事情。
We are waiting for you:我們都在等著你
b. 習慣進行:表示長期的或重複性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。
Mr. Green is writing another novel:格林先生正在寫另一本小說
(說話時並未在寫,只處於寫作的狀態。)
c. 表示漸變的動詞有:get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。
The leaves are turning red:樹葉變紅了
It's getting warmer and warmer:天氣變得越來越暖和
d. 與always,constantly,forever 等詞連用,表示反覆發生的動作或持續存在的狀態,往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
You are always changing your mind:你總是改變主意
典型例題
My dictionary ___,I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost,don't find B. is missing,don't find C. has lost,haven't found D. is missing,haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個仍在持續的狀態,應用進行時,由於沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應用完成時,瞬間動詞用於否定式時可用於完成時。
不用進行時的動詞
1) 事實狀態的動詞
have,belong,possess,cost,owe,exist,include,contain,matter,weigh,measure,continue
I have two brothers:我有兩個哥哥
This house belongs to my sister:這房子是我姐的
2) 心理狀態的動詞
Know,realize,think,see,believe,suppose,imagine,agree,recognize,remember,want,need, forget, prefer,mean,understand,love,hate
I need your help:我需要幫助
He loves her very much:他非常愛她
3 ) 瞬間動詞
accept,receive,complete,finish,give,allow,decide,refuse.
I accept your advice:我接受你的建議
4) 系動詞
seem,remain,lie,see,hear,smell,feel,taste,get,become,turn
You seem a little tired:你看起來有一些累
1)概念:表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2)過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。
3) 常用的時間狀語
this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
我的哥哥在騎車時摔倒了,傷了自己
It was raining when they left the station.
他們離開車站的時候正在下雨
When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.
當我到達山頂時,陽光明媚
典型例題
1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發生的事情,應用過去時。同 時,when表時間的同時性,"瑪麗在做衣服時"提供事情發生的背景,因此用過去進行時。
2) As she ___ the newspaper,Granny ___ asleep.
read; was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when,while,意為"當……之時"。描述一件事發生的背景時,用過去進行;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。句意為 "在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過去時),是系動詞,後跟形容詞,如:fall sick。
1) 概念:表示將來某時進行的狀態或動作,或按預測將來會發生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
她很快會回來
I'll be meeting him sometime in the future.
我會在未來的某個時候遇見他
注意:將來進行時不用於表示"意志",不能說 I'll be having a talk with her.
2)常用的時間狀語
Soon,tomorrow,this evening,on Sunday,by this time,tomorrow,in two days,tomorrow evening
By this time tomorrow,I'll be lying on the beach.
明天此時,我正躺在海灘上
一般現在時代替將來時
時間狀語從句,條件句中,從句用一般現在時代替將來時
When,while,before,after,till,once,as soon as,so long as,by the time,if,in case (that),unless,even if,whether,the moment,the minute,the day,the year,immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing.
他一到北京,就去看他姨媽。
(1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given; had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed
C. will not give; succeed D. would not give; will succeed.
答案B. 在時間,條件或讓步主語從句中一般不用將來時。本題有He said,故為過去式。主句用將來時,故選B. 此處用一般過去式代替了過去將來時。
(2) 表示現在已安排好的未來事項,行程等活動。
The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物館明天10點開門。(實際上每天如此。)
一般現在時代替過去時
1 )"書上說","報紙上說"等。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
報紙上說明天會很冷的。
2) 敘述往事,使其生動。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.
拿破崙的軍隊現在進展和大戰開始了
一般現在時代替完成時
1) 有些動詞用一般現在時代替完成時:
hear,tell,learn,write,understand,forget,know,find,say,remember.
I hear (= have heard) he will go to London.
我聽說他要去倫敦
I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is.
我忘了他多少歲
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
自從我們上次見面以來已經有五年了
一般現在時代替進行時
1) 句型:Here comes… ;There goes…
Look,here comes Mr. Li:看,李先生來了
現在進行時代替將來時
1) 表示即將發生的或預定中計劃好的活動。
Are you staying with us this weekend:這周和我們一起度周末嗎?
We are leaving soon:我們馬上就走。
2) 漸變動詞,如:get,run,grow,become,begin 及die。
He is dying:他快死了
1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實,則永遠用現在時。
At that time,people did not know that the earth moves.
在那個時候,人們不知道地球是移動的
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
上星期他告訴我,他是十八
2) 賓語從句中的助動詞ought,need,must,dare 時態是不變的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.
他認為我不必告訴你真相
時間狀語
一般現在時:every …,sometimes, at …,on Sunday,
一般過去時:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982,just now
一般將來時:next…,tomorrow,in+時間,
現在完成時:for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,recently
過去完成時:before,by,until,when,after,once,as soon as
過去進行時:this morning,the whole morning,all day,yesterday,from nine to ten last evening… when,while