葛瑞漢

葛瑞漢

葛瑞漢( Angus Charles Graham,1919-1991 )英國漢學家, 1919年7月出生於英國威爾士的珀納思(Penarth),他是格雷厄姆夫婦(Charles Harold and Mabelle Graham)兩個兒子中的長子。其父原先經營煤炭生意,1925年到馬來亞(現在的馬來西亞)從事橡膠種植業,直至1928年因患瘧疾病逝。

人物簡介


葛瑞漢
葛瑞漢
─葛瑞漢希羅普郡埃習,牛津院習畢業。隨參皇空,─語訓練,派亞、泰擔語翻譯,退役階尉。
葛瑞漢倫敦大學的東方及非洲研究院(S.O.A.S.),選修漢語。1949年獲文學學士學位,畢業后留校擔任古漢語講師。1953年他取得哲學博士學位。
葛瑞漢保(  ) 婚, ,取晨羲()。葛瑞漢擁司,承繼業倫敦及非洲研究院研究漢,倆諾丁漢郡。
儘管葛瑞漢久居倫敦,但他熱心漫步講學,週遊世界。他以訪問學者、客座教授的身份講學於香港大學(1954─1955年)、耶魯大學(1966─1967年)、密歇根大學(1970年)、康耐爾人文學會(1972─1973年)、新加坡東亞哲學研究所(1984─1986年)、台灣清華大學(1987年)、布朗大學(1988年)和夏威夷大學(1989─1990年)。
1971年葛瑞漢取得倫敦大學東方及非洲研究院古漢語教授並保持這個位置十三年之久,直到告老退休。他於1981年光榮的當選英國(文史哲)研究院院士。
1991年葛瑞漢因病逝世,享年72歲。

學術研究


葛瑞漢在其學術生涯中,不僅研究哲學本身,而且對中國哲學進行了開創性的研究,同時對中國語言、中國哲學和詩詞有較多的精品譯作。在他人生的最後十年又返回到新儒學的研究,他的哲學研究經歷影響了他對新儒學問題認識上的演變。
葛瑞漢對中國哲學的特點有較深切的理解,他認為:中國人看待世界的思維和方式傾向於相互依存,而不是各自獨立;整中有分,而不是部分的集合;對立的雙方相互補充,而不是相互矛盾;萬物是變化的(周而復始的循環變化,並非向前發展),而不是靜止的;看重物之用,而不是物之質;關心相互感應,而不是因果關係。他還認為:中國思想史上,有兩個偉大的時期,一個是東周戰國時期,另一個是宋代,並高度評價宋代理學
葛瑞漢對宋代理學家程顥程明道)、程頤(程伊川)的哲學很有研究,他的開山之作《中國的兩位哲學家——二程兄弟的新儒學》一書,對新儒學領域最核心的兩位哲學家的思想作了全面系統的論述和嚴密的分析,這在該領域的文獻中是絕無僅有的。該書以西方學者特有的視角,對二程理學思想作了精湛的研究。其特點有三:一是分疏了程頤與程顥的理學範疇體系,闡明了這些範疇的意蘊;二是考究了程頤與程顥哲學的源流,揭示了兩種哲學的特質;三是比較了中國與歐洲哲學之異同,突出了二者之“異”。這部書不僅對新儒學研究領域的拓展和變化起到了推動作用,而且作為研究北宋時期程顥程頤兩位大哲思想的最清晰、最全面的英文文獻,至今仍然保持著其現實意義和實用價值。它為那些初次遇到中國十一世紀哲學思想挑戰的學子們標明了起點,也是致力於這一思想領域研究的東西方學者們的必讀文獻。這部書的初稿,是葛瑞漢1953年6月向倫敦大學提交的哲學博士學位論文。在東方及非洲研究院(School of Oriental and African Studies)的資助下,葛瑞漢1954-1955年在香港和日本遊學一年,獲得新資料后對初稿進行了修改,專著於1958年在英國正式出版,1978年重印,1992年在美國再版,足以證明其永久價值。特別是,這部書的中文版翻譯和出版工作均由程伊川直系後裔程德祥先生(程伊川二十九世孫)承擔,他研究二程學歷有年所,對程子原著嫻熟,譯文因得準確而流暢。

學術評價


葛瑞漢在40多年的學術生涯中,治學嚴謹、言必有據,為自己贏得了二十世紀最馳名的漢學家之一的聲譽,他以博大精深的學術蜚聲四海。如此盛名不僅是基於其著作的數量和質量,而且還基於其著作涉及範圍之廣。他的著作完全立足於中國的經典哲學,從對中國哲學的開創性研究,到對《莊子》、《列子》的翻譯,以及晚唐詩的權威譯作,全部堪稱極致精品。他的《道教辯士——古代中國的哲學辯論》(Disputers of the Tao)已成為關於中國古典思想的權威英語著作。

研究領域


中國哲學和語言(特別是對宋代理學家程顥、程頤的哲學很有研究)、中國哲學和詩詞翻譯。

主要學術成果


著作目錄

1.Two Chinese Philosophers: Ch'eng Ming-tao and Cheng Yi-chuan, Lund Humphries, London, 1958.《中國的兩位哲學家──程明道和程伊川》
2.The Book of Lieh-tzu,John Murray, London, 1960 (UNESCO Chinese translation series).《列子》(譯)
3.The Problem of Value, Hutchinson's University Library, London, 1961.《價值觀問題》
4.Poems of the Late Tang, Penguin Classics, London, 1965 (UNESCO Chinese translation series).《晚唐詩選》(譯)
5.Later Mohist Logic, Ethics and Science, Chinese University Press, Hong Kong, 1978.《後期墨家的邏輯、倫理和科學》
6.Chuang-tzu: The Seven Inner Chapters and Other Writings from the Book Chuang-tzu, Allen and Unwin, London, 1981.《莊子?內七篇和外篇選》(譯)
7.Chuang-tzu:Textual Notes to a Partial Translation, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 1982.《〈莊子選譯本〉評註》
8.Reason and Spontaneity, Curzon Press, London, and Barnes and Noble, New York, 1985.《理性與自發性》
9. Studies in Chinese Philosophy and Philosophical Literature, IEAP, Singapore, 1986. State University of New York Press, Albany, 1990. 《中國哲學和哲學文獻研究》
10. Disputers of the Tao; Philosophical Argument in Ancient China, Open Court, La Salle, IL, 1989. 《道教辯士──古代中國的哲學辯論》
11. Poems of the West Lake, Wellsweep Press, London, 1990.《西湖詩選》
12. Unreason within Reason, Open Court, La Salle, IL.《理性中的非理性》

論文目錄

1. A probable fusion word: WUH = WU + JY, BSOAS 14/1(1952).《可能的合成詞:勿=毋+之》
2. Kung-sun Lung's essay on meanings and things, Journal of Oriental Studies 2/2 (1955).《公孫龍的名實論》
3. The final partical FU, BSOAS 17/1 (1955).《語氣詞“夫”》
4. The Composition of the Gongsuen Long tzyy. AM 5/2 (1957), reprinted Studies.《〈公孫龍子〉的結構》
5. The relation between the final particles YU and YEE, BSOAS 19/1 (1957).《語氣詞“歟”與“也”的關係》
6. Confucianism, in Concise Encyclopedia of Living Faiths, edited by R.C.Zaehner, Hutchinson, London, 1959.《儒學》(詞條)
7. Being in Western philosophy compared with SHIH/FEI and YU/WU in Chinese philosophy, AM 7/1,2 (1959), reprinted Studies.《西方哲學中的“存在”與中國哲學中的“是非”和“有無”的比較》
8. Observations on a new Classical Chinese grammar, BSOAS 22/3 (1959).《對新版〈古代漢語語法〉的意見》
9. The dialogue between Yang Ju and Chyntzzy , BSOAS 22/2 (1959).《楊朱與禽子的對話》10. The date and composition of Liehtzyy , AM 8/2 (1961), reprinted Studies.《列子著作和年代考》
11. The prosody of the SAO poems in the Ch'utz'u , AM 10/2 (1963).《〈楚辭〉騷體詩的韻律》
12. Tone patterns in Chinese poetry(with G.B.Downer), BSOAS 26/1 (1963).《中國詩的語調模式:平仄》
13. Natural goodness and original sin, Rationalist Annual (1963).《性本善與原罪》
14. Reason in the Chinese philosophical tradition, in The Legacy of China, edited by Raymond Dawson, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1964.《中國哲學傳統中的理性》
15. The logic of the Mohist Hsiao-ch'u, T'oung Pao 51/1 (1964).《〈墨子?小取〉的邏輯》
16. Liberty and equality, Mind 74/293 (1965).《自由與平等》
17. Two dialogues in the Kung-sun Lung tzu , AM 11/2 (1965), reprinted Studies.《〈公孫龍子〉中的兩段對話》
18. Translations of poems and FU in Anthology of Chinese Literature, edited by Cyril Birch. Grove Press,New York,v.1 (1965), v.2 (1972).詩、賦選譯》
19. 'Being' in philosophy and linguistics, Foundations of Language 1/3 (1965), reprinted in The Verb 'Be' and its Synonyms, edited by John W.M.Verhaar, Part 5 (1972), Dordrecht-Holland.《哲學中的“存在”和語言學》
20. The 'Hard and White' disputations of the Chinese sophists, BSOAS 30/2 (1967). 《中國詭辯家的“堅白論”》
21. Chinese logic, in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York, 1967.《中國邏輯》(詞條)
22. The background of the Mencian theory of human nature, Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 6/1,2 (1967), reprinted Studies.《孟子人性論的前提》
23. 'Being' in Classical Chinese, in The Verb 'Be' and its Synonyms, edited by John W.M.Verhaar, Part 1 (1967).《古代漢語中的“存在”》
24. The archaic Chinese pronouns, AM 15/1 (1969).《古代漢語的代詞》
25. Chuang-tzu's 'Essay on seeing things as equal', History of Religions, 9 (1969/70). 《莊子的“齊物論”》
26. Some basic problems of Chinese syntax, AM 14/2 (1969).《漢語句法的一些基本問題》
27. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi , Encyclopedia Britannica, Chicago, 1970.《程顥、程頤》(詞條)
28. The grammar of the Mohist dialectical chapters, in A Symposium on Chinese Grammer, edited by Inga-Lill Hansson, Lund, 1971.《墨子辯正篇的語法》
29. China, Europe and the origins of modern science, AM 16/1,2 (1971), reprinted Chinese Science, edited by Shigeru Nakayama and Nathan Sivin, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.《中國、歐洲與現代科學起源》
30. A new translation of a Chinses poet: Li Ho, BSOAS 34/3 (1971).《李賀詩新譯》
31. Later Mohist treaties on ethics and logic reconstructed from the Tachu chapter of Mo-tzu , AM 17/2 (1972).《後期墨家論〈墨子?大取〉中的倫理學和邏輯學》
32. The Classical Chinese topic-marker GU , BSOAS 35/1 (1973).《古代漢語的句首語氣詞“夫”》
33. A systematic approach to the Mohist optics (with Nathan Sivin), Chinses Science, edited by Shigeru Nakayama and Nathan Sivin, Cambridge, Mass., 1973.《對墨家光學方面的系統研究》
34. The terminations of the Archaic Chinese pronouns, BSOAS 36/2 (1973).《古代漢語的尾音》
35. The concepts of necessity and the 'a priori' in Later Mohist disputation, AM 19/2 (1975).《後期墨家辯論中的“必然”與“演繹”(a priori)的概念》
36. Chuang-tzu and the Rambling Mode, in The Art and Profession of Translation, edited by T.C.Lai, Hong Kong, N.D. (1976).《莊子與消遙游》
37. The Chinese particle TZENG , Early China, No.3 (1977).《漢語虛詞“曾”》
38. The organization of the Mohist Canons, in Ancient China: Studies in Early Civilization, edited by David T. Roy and Tsuen-hsuin Tsien, Hong Kong, 1978.《〈墨經〉的結構》
39. Entries for the Cheng brothers in A Sung Bibliography, edited by Yves Hervouet, Hong Kong, 1978. 《二程》(詞條)
40. A post-verbal aspectual particle in Classical Chinese: the supposed preposition HU , BSOAS 41/2 (1978).《古代漢語動詞后的小詞──被認為是介詞的"乎"》
41. The Nung-chia (農家)“School of the Tillers” and the origins of peasant Utopianism in China, BSOAS 42/1 (1978), reprinted Studies.《中國的“農家”和農民烏托邦主義的起源》
42. How much of Chuang-tzu did Chuang-tzu write? In Studies in Early Chinese Thought, edited by Henry Rosemont, Jr. and Benjamin I.Schwartz, Thematic Studies Series of the JAAR, 1979, reprinted Studies.《〈莊子〉篇目真偽辨》
43. Structure and license in Chinese regulated verse, Journal of Chinses Linguistics, v.8 (1980).《漢語格律詩的結構和破格》
44. The origins of the Legend of Lao Tan,Kuo-chi Han-hsueh, hui-yi lun-wen chi (國際漢學會議論文集) Taipei, 1981, reprinted Studies.《老聃傳說的起源》
45. Other schools of philosophy, in Encyclopedia of China, London, 1983.《雜家》(詞條)
46. Taoist spontaneity and the dichotomy of “is” and “ought” in Experimental essays on Chuang-tzu,edited by Victor H.Mair,Honolulu, 1983.《道家的“自發性”和“是與應該”的二分法》
47. YUN (雲) and YUEH (曰) as verb and as particles, Acta Orientalia, (Copenhagen), 1984.《“雲”、“曰”作動詞和作虛詞》
48. Value, fact and facing fact, Journal of Value Inquiry, v.19 (1985).《價值觀、事實和面對事實》
49. Divisions in early Mohism reflected in the core chapters of Mo-tzu, IEAP Occasional paper and monograph series No.1 Singapore, 1985.《〈墨子〉核心篇章中反映的早期墨家分派》
50. The right to selfishness: Yangism, Later Mohism, Chuang Tzu, in Individualism and Holism, edited by Donald Munro, Ann Arbor, 1985.《自私的權利──楊朱學派、後期墨家
51. Translation of Li Po, “The hard road to Shu”, in A Brotherhood of Song, edited by Stephen C.Soong, Hong Kong, 1985.《李白的〈蜀道難〉》(譯)
52. What was new in the Cheng-Chu theory of human nature? in Chu Hsi and Neo-Confucianism, edited by Wing-Tsit Chan, Honolulu, 1986, reprinted Studies.《程朱人性說的新意》
53. The disputation of Kung-sun Lung as argument about whole and part, Philosophy East and West, v.36/2 (1986),reprinted Studies.《公孫龍關於整體與部分的辨論》
54. Yin-Yang and the nature of correlative thinking, ut sup. No.6, 1986.
55. Vampiri in un solo morso, Il Manifesto, Rome, Sept.1,1986.
56. Poems of the West Lake, Renditions, No.25, Hong Kong, 1987.《西湖詩選》
57. Hsien-Chin Ju-chia tui jen-hsing wen-ti ti tan-tao in Ju-chia lun-li, yen-t'ao-hui lun-wun chi (儒家論理研討會論文集) edited by Liu Shu-hsien, IEAP, Singapore, 1987. 《先秦儒家對人性問題的探討》
58. A neglected pre-Han philosophical text: Ho-kuan-tzu , BSOAS 52/3 (1989). 《一篇被忽視的西漢哲學文章〈鶡冠子〉》
59. Conceptual schemes and linguistic relativism in relation to Chinses, Synthesis Philosophica (Zagreb, Yugoslavia) 4/2 (1989), also forthcoming Culture and Modernity, edited by Eliot Deutsch, University of Hawaii Press, and Epistemological Questions in Classical Chinese Philosophy, edited by Hans Lenk and Gregor Paul, State University of New York Press.《與漢語相關的概念體系和語言學相對主義》
60.Rationalism & Anti-rationalism in Pre-Buddhist China, in Rationality in Question, edited by S.Biderman and Ben-Ami Scharfstein, Brill, Leiden, 1990.《佛教傳入前中國的唯理論和反唯理論》
61. Reflections and Replies, in Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts,edited by Henry Rosemont,Jr., Open Court, La Salle, IL, 1991.《思考與回答》
62. Chinese philosophy of language, Handbuch Sprachphilosophie, edited by K.Lorenz et al., De Gruyter, Berlin.《中國的語言哲學》
63. Mysticism and the question of private access, Rules, Rituals, and Responsibility: Essays Dedicated to Herbert Fingarette, edited by Mary I. Bockover, Open Court, La Salle, IL.